Heart & Mediastinum

Question 1

In what part of the heart do heart attacks usually occur in?

Answer 1

left anterior interventricular art.

Question 2

What is included in the medistinum?

Answer 2

everything in the thoracic cavity EXCEPT the lungs

Question 3

Where does the sternal angle extend posteriorly?

Answer 3

T4/T5

Question 4

When the sternal angle divides the superior & inferior divisions of the heart, what is it called?

Answer 4

transverse thoracic plane

Question 5

What are the structures in the superior division of the medistinum? (TASTE The Little Rainbow)

Answer 5

• thymus
• arch of aorta
• superior vena cava
• trachea
• esophagus
• thoracic duct
• left recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 6

What are the structures in the anterior inferior division? (TLC)

Answer 6

• thymus
• lymph nodes
• fat + connective tissue

Question 7

What are the structures in the middle inferior division? (AARP)

Answer 7

• pericardium
• heart
• arch of azygos
• roots of great vessels
• phrenic nerve
• main primary bronchi

Question 8

What are the structures in the posterior inferior division? (DEATH)

Answer 8

• duct
• esophagus
• thoracic aorta
• azygous + hemiazygous veins

Question 9

What is the veinous drainage of the heart?

Answer 9

hemi-azygos vein -> azygos vein -> SVC

Question 10

What layer of the heart is the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 10

outermost

Question 11

What layer of the heart is the serous pericardium?

Answer 11

inner layer

Question 12

Which pleura is attached to the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 12

parietal

Question 13

Which pleura directly covers the heart?

Answer 13

visceral

Question 14

What are the anterior structures of the heart?

Answer 14

IVC + SVC -> right atrium

Question 15

What are the postrior structures of the heart?

Answer 15

pulmonary veins -> left atrium

Question 16

What are the posterior structures of the heart?

Answer 16

• coronary sinus -> right atrium
• oblique sinus
• transverse sinus

Question 17

What is the oblique sinus?

Answer 17

• bordered by pulmonary veins + IVC
• contains left atrium

Question 18

What is the transverse sinus bordered by anteriorly & posteriorly?

Answer 18

• bordered ant. by aorta + pulmonary trunk
• bordered post. by SVC

Question 19

What is the path of circulation for the heart?

Answer 19

CS + IVC + SVC -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary art. -> pulmonary v. -> LA -> bicuspid “mitral valve” -> LV -> aortic valve -> aorta

Question 20

What is included when the right coronary artery drains into the right ventricle?

Answer 20

• SA nodal branch
• right marginal art.
• right post. interventricular art. (PDA)

Question 21

What is included when the left coronary artery drains into the right ventricle?

Answer 21

• left ant. interventricular art. (LAD)
• left circumflex art.
• left marginal art.

Question 22

What is the venous drainage of the heart?

Answer 22

veins of the heart -> coronary sinus -> RA

Question 23

What does the great cardiac vein run with?

Answer 23

LAD

Question 24

What does the left marginal vein run with?

Answer 24

marginal art.

Question 25

What does the small cardiac vein run with?

Answer 25

right coronary + right marginal art.

Question 26

What does the middle cardiac vein run with?

Answer 26

PDA

Question 27

What does the left posterior ventricular vein run with?

Answer 27

itself

Question 28

What are the 2 parts of the right atrium?

Answer 28

* smooth area -> int. of atrium * rough area -> pectinate muscle

Question 29

What divides the rough & smooth area of the right atrium?

Answer 29

crista terminalis

Question 30

What are the structures of the right atrium?

Answer 30

* right auricle -> remnant of primitive atrium * fossa ovalis -> thin wall b/w the RA & LA * cristae terminalis * septal papillary muscle * pectinate muscle

Question 31

What are the 3 leaflets of the tricuspid valve attached to?

Answer 31

* chordae tendinae * papillary muscles -> ant., med. (septal), post.

Question 32

What are the structures of the right ventricle?

Answer 32

* chordae tendinae -> attaches valve to papillary * moderator band -> runs from ventricular septum to ant. papillary muscle * trabeculae carneae

Question 33

Where is the moderator band only found in?

Answer 33

right ventricle

Question 34

The left atrium is made mostly of what type of area?

Answer 34

smooth

Question 35

What is the blood flow of the left atrium?

Answer 35

pulmonary veins bring oxy. blood here -> drains through bicuspid valve -> enters left ventricle

Question 36

What are the structures of the left atrium?

Answer 36

left auricle = remnant of atrium

Question 37

What does the left ventricle consist of?

Answer 37

trabeculae carnae

Question 38

What is the blood flow of the left ventricle?

Answer 38

left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> drains to aorta

Question 39

In the left ventricle, what are the 2 leaflets attached to?

Answer 39

* cordae tendinae * papillary muscles = ant. + post.

Question 40

What is the structure of the left ventricle?

Answer 40

chordae tendinae

Question 41

What are the atrio-ventricular valves of the heart?

Answer 41

* tricuspid = 3 leaflets * bicuspid = 2 leaflets

Question 42

What are the leaflets of the aortic valve?

Answer 42

right, left, post.

Question 43

What are the leaflets of the pulmonary valve?

Answer 43

right, left , ant.

Question 44

What happens during systole?

Answer 44

ventricles contract -> heart pumps blood

Question 45

During systole, what valvles are open? Closed?

Answer 45

* open -> pumonary + aortic * closed -> atrio-ventricular

Question 46

How does blood move during systole?

Answer 46

* right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk * left ventricle -> aorta

Question 47

What is diastole?

Answer 47

ventricles relaxed -> heart is filling with blood

Question 48

In diastole, what valves are open? Closed?

Answer 48

* open -> atrio-ventricular * closed -> aortic + pulmonary

Question 49

How does blood move in diastole?

Answer 49

* rigth atrium -> right ventricle * left atrium -> left ventricle

Question 50

What is the flow of the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 50

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> right + left bundle branches -> subendo branches