Helicobacter, Vibrio, Campylobacter, Anaerobes

Question 1

What causes ulcers (Gastric and Duodenal for the most part)

Answer 1

Helicobacter Pylori

Question 2

How is H. Pylori spread?

Answer 2

Fecal- Oral

Passage of Gastric Juices from human to human

Question 3

H. Pylori is thought to cause what percentage of duodenal ulcers?

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

H Pylori is thought to cause what percentage of gastric ulcers?

Answer 4

70%…the rest from NSAID use

Question 5

Remember that H. Pylori can predispose to cancer because of the almost constant metaplasia

Answer 5

ok

Question 6

Name the H. Pylori virulence factors

Answer 6

• VacA encodes “Vacuolating Cytotoxin”
• Cag
• Urease
• PAI (Pathogenicity associated Island)

Question 7

What is VacA?

Answer 7

Vacuolating cytotoxin punches holes in endosomes and lysosomes which leads to cell death.

Question 8

What is Urease?

Answer 8

Urease is secreted by H. Pylori because it neutralizes the acidic environment of the stomach

Question 9

What is Cag?

Answer 9

rearranges the cytoskeleton

Question 10

What is a Pathogenicity Associated Island?

Answer 10

A PAI is a big chunk of DNA that can be inserted into the bacterial chromosome. In the case of H. Pylori it encodes a type III secretion system which can bring in things from the outside

Question 11

What is the morphology of H. Pylori?

Answer 11

Slender gram negative rods with flagella

Microaerophillic– just want a little bit of air, almost anaerobic

Question 12

What actually causes the ulcers in H. Pylori infection

Answer 12

Its a combination of the cell destruction from VacA, Cag, and immune response

Question 13

Dx of H. Pylori

Answer 13

• Endoscopy with biopsy and culture
• Urea Breath test
• Serology

Question 14

What’s the most common bacterial infection in developed nations

Answer 14

Campylobacter jejuni

Question 15

How would you come into contact with Campylobacter?

Answer 15

Undercooked poultry and unpasteurized milk, also contaminated water

Question 16

morphology of campylobacter?

Answer 16

Seagull shape (spiral) gram negative rods
Like H. Pylori they are also microaerophillic

Question 17

Incubation period of camp?

Answer 17

1 week

Question 18

Clinical presentation of camp

Answer 18

• fever with apendicitis like pain.

- watery diarrhea that progresses to dysentery with blood and pus

Question 19

Antecedent to Guillain Barre?

Answer 19

Remember that Guillain Barre is rising paralysis. Campylobacter is the most common antecedent to Guillian Barre. Thought to be related to lipooligosacharides from the camp mimicing myelin and the body developing an antibody to it.

Question 20

How long does Camp usually last>

Answer 20

3-7 days

Question 21

Vibrio looks like what?

Answer 21

Curved gram negative rods with a motile flagella

THEY ARE OXIDASE POSITIVE

Question 22

Vibrio = oysters…commonly found in warm saltwater

Answer 22

ok

Question 23

significant vibrio?

Answer 23

Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio Vulnificus

Question 24

Cholera spread how

Answer 24

Contaminated water and food

Question 25

Cholera serogroups are based on what

Answer 25

O antigen

Question 26

How many serogroups of cholerae are there>

Answer 26

Over 200

Question 27

Which serogroups are responsible for epidemic and pndemic cholera

Answer 27

O1 and O139

Question 28

O1 serogroup divided into what two biotypes?

Answer 28

- El Tor | - Classical

Question 29

20 liters a day

Answer 29

thats terrible

Question 30

Incubation period of cholera

Answer 30

2-3 days

Question 31

Remember, it takes a high infectious dose of cholerae to infect someone because the bacteria has a hard time making it through the stomach and into the lower bowel.

Answer 31

ok

Question 32

rice water stool

Answer 32

cholerae

Question 33

Virulence factors of cholerae?

Answer 33

- PAI encoded pillus | - Phage encoded toxin (AB Toxin) remember it activates adenylate cyclase and then cAMP which opens chloride channels

Question 34

Cholerae diagnosis

Answer 34

stool culture on TCBS

Question 35

Cholerae treatment?

Answer 35

oral hydration therapy + doxycycline or erythromycin

Question 36

V. Parahaemolyticus

Answer 36

- Free-living in sea water - Seafood associated food poisoning - most common seafood illness in japan - Gulf and Pacific coasts of US - Watery diarrhea with cramps, nausea, vomitting

Question 37

V. Vulnificus

Answer 37

Free living in sea water as well - raw oysters or wound infection - vomitting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps - IC pts can become septic - Rare but 20% fatal

Question 38

What do anaerobes lack that prevents them from being able to survive in the presence of oxygen species?

Answer 38

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase

Question 39

How do anaerobic bacteria derive their energy?

Answer 39

From carbohydrate fermentation or breaqkdown of AAs

Question 40

Most common anaerobic infection?

Answer 40

Bacterioides Fragilis

Question 41

What is the morphology of Bacterioides Fragillis?

Answer 41

Gram negative Coccobacillus | Has an antiphagocytic capsule which means it can also infect the lungs

Question 42

Prevotella Melaninogenica

Answer 42

Gram negative coccobacillus | Anti-phagocytic capsule

Question 43

Gram Positive Spore forming rods?

Answer 43

Clostridium | These are the only anaerobic spore forming bacteria

Question 44

Large Boxcar gram positive rods

Answer 44

Clostridium Perfringens

Question 45

Gas Gangrene caused by

Answer 45

Clostridium Perfringens

Question 46

How does Gas Gangrene come about

Answer 46

You get a contamination of a wound by the C Perfringens spores

Question 47

Gas comes from?

Answer 47

carbo fermentation

Question 48

C. Perfringens food poisoning

Answer 48

pretty common

Question 49

Vibrio are oxidase?

Answer 49

Oxidase Positive

Question 50

Vibrio Cholerae attach to small intestine epithelium via TCP

Answer 50

Toxin co-regulated pillus (TCP)