HEME 1.21 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in HEME 1.21 Deck (29)
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1
Q

what is the major source of fuels for cells

A

Glucose (a carbohydrate)

2
Q

what can be gleamed from measuring the glucose in blood

A

whether someone is hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic

3
Q

what is fasting hyperglycemia associated with

A

type 1 OR type 2 Diabetes mellitus

4
Q

what does the body use Sodium for

A

1 ) regulation of plasma volume

2) generation of nerve impulses
3) generation of muscle cantractions
4) facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine

5
Q

what terms are used to describe sodium imbalances

A

hepernatremia and hyponatremia

6
Q

what are some of the needs the body has for Potassium

A

1) generation of nerve impulses
2) generation of muscle contractions
3) acid base balance

7
Q

what terms represent potassium imbalances

A

hyperkalemia and hypokalemia

8
Q

what are some of the need the body has for calcium? (6)

A

1) muscle contractions
2) cardiac function
3) enzyme activation
4) exycytosis of neurotransmitters
5) blood clotting
6) normal bone and tooth architecture

9
Q

what is more prevelent in the blood Na or K

A

Na

10
Q

what are some of the needs the body has for Chloride (2)

A

acid base balance

-facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABBA, Glycine)

11
Q

where is albumin synthesized

A

in and by the liver

12
Q

what can albumin be used to screen for

A

certain liver and kidney disorders as well as other diseases

13
Q

what are 4 functions of albumin

A

1) maintenance of oncotic pressure
2) transportation of thyroid hormones, fat soluble hormones, free fatty acids, unconjugated bilirubin, many drugs
3) competitively binds calcuim ions (Ca+2)
4) maintenance of pH (acts as a buffer)

14
Q

what causes creatinine levels to increase

A

the kidney filters this wast p[roduct from skeletal levels, when they fail, levels increase in the blood

15
Q

where does urea come from

A

it is a waste product made in the liver from amino acid metabolism
it is also filtered by the kidneys

16
Q

what does BUN stand for

A

Blood uera nitrogen, the measure of the amount of urea in the blood

17
Q

alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

A

an enzyme mainly found in the liver: involved in amino acid catabolism

18
Q

aspartate aminothansferase (AST)

A

an enzyme found in the liver and a few other places particularly the heart and skeletal muscles; involved of amino acid catabolism

19
Q

alkaline phosphatase (ALP)

A
  • related to bile ducts
  • increase when blocked or inflamed
  • when they are found in the blood, they reflect liver damage
20
Q

Bilirubin is a wast product of what

A

metabolism of hemoglobin inside of the RBC

21
Q

what are the three tissues responsible for responsible of removing dead RBC

A

liver, spleen, and some bone marrow

22
Q

where is all bilirubin sent to be processed

A

the liver

23
Q

what is CO2 a waste product of

A

aerobic matabolism

24
Q

what is a complete cholesterol test reffered to as

A

Lipid panel or lipid profile

25
Q

what four types of lipid will a lipid panel measure

A
  • low-density lipoprotiens cholesterol (LDL-C)
  • High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
  • triglycerides
  • Total cholesterol
26
Q

what are cholesterol test done for

A

asses patients risk of coronary artery disease or risk of vascular disease in other parts of the body

27
Q

what are the two sources of cholesterol

A

1) the liver (endogenous cholesterol

2) the diet (exogenous cholesterol)

28
Q

what is the catalyzing enzyme in cholesterol synthesis and what drugs target this enzyme

A

HMG-CoA reductase (statin drugs target this enzyme)

29
Q

what has been dubed “bad cholesterol”

A

LDL-C