Systems 2 > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the goal of short term control of the CV system?

A

Maintain cerebral and coronary blood flow

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2
Q

What is the goal of long term control of the CV system?

A

Maintain adequate blood flow to all tissues of the body

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3
Q

If blood flow to tissues is inadequate, what can exist?

A

Shock

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4
Q

Where is the largest volume of blood found?

A

In venous system in unstressed individual

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5
Q

What contains small volumes of blood?

A

Arterial system, pulmonary circulation, cardiac circulation and capillary beds

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6
Q

What is meant by blood flow?

A

Volume of blood which moves through a vessel over time

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7
Q

What is meant by blood velocity?

A

Distance a component of the blood moves over time (linear displacement over time)

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8
Q

What is meanth by blood pressure?

A

Force per unit area

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9
Q

The continuity equation is the relationship between what?

A

Vessel diameter, velocity and flow

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10
Q

What is the continuity equation?

A

Flow = velocity * area

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11
Q

The flow through a vessel is dependent on the

A

velocity of blood in the vessel and the cross-sectional area of the vessel

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12
Q

If area increases, what happens to velocity if flow is kept the same?

A

Decreases

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13
Q

If blood flow through a vessel is constant while its cross sectional area is decreased, what will happen to blood velocity?

A

Will increase

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14
Q

As you move away from the heart, the total cross sectional area of the vessels increases, so that blood velocity

A

decreases

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15
Q

When flow is constant, there is an iverse relationship between velocity and

A

cross sectional area

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16
Q

Blood moves slowly through the capillaries to provide

A

adequate time for diffusion to occur

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17
Q

What parameters determine blood flow?

A

Pressure gradient and resistance

Flow = Change in P/R

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18
Q

Less resistance =

A

more flow

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19
Q

More driving force (pressure) =

A

More flow

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20
Q

Blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the pressure difference __________

A

across the vessel

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21
Q

Blood flow through a vessel is inversely proportional to the

A

resistance of the vessel

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22
Q

Resistance is directly proportional to the

A

length of the vessel

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23
Q

Is the change in length of blood vessels a means for regulation of resistance?

A

no

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24
Q

Resistance is inversely proportional to the

A

radius of a vessel to the 4th power

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25
What is the primary means for the physiological regulation of resistance?
Change in the radius
26
Small changes in the radius of a vessel produces
large changes in the resistance
27
Is resistance directly of indirectly proportional to the blood viscosity?
Directly
28
Increased number of RBCs _______ blood viscosity
increases
29
Increased blood viscosity can _____ blood pressure and _______ blood flow to the tissues
increase; decrease
30
Blood flow in a vessel can be increased when:
- Pressure diff is increased - Radius is increased - Length is decreased - Viscosity is decreased
31
MBP=
CO * TPR
32
Right atrial pressure is normally
close to 0
33
TPR is maintained by the regulation on
constriction of the arterioles
34
What is a series?
Arranges in a loop; each segment gets same flow, but P is diff
35
What is "in parallel"?
Within this segment diff branches get diff flow, but P is same
36
In series circuity, total resistance is always ________ than each individual resistance
greater
37
Most major vessels are in what type of circuit?
Parallel
38
The total resistance of resistances in parallel with one another is always ______ than the resistance of any individual resistance
less
39
Nonbranching vessels in series with each other must have
equal total flows
40
The glomerular and peritubular capillaries in the kidney are in
series with each other
41
Vessels in parallel must have
equal pressure gradients and may have different flows
42
Blood flow with a parabolic velocity profile is describes as being
laminar
43
Flow closest to the walls is the
slowest
44
Formed elements tend to flow in the _____ of the stream
center
45
What is turbulent flow?
Blood elements do not remain within the lamina
46
In turbulent flow, more energy is lost because of
the heat generated by the turbulent flow
47
Resistance is greatly increased by
turbulence
48
What does Reynolds number predict?
Whether flow will be laminar or turbulent
49
If NR is <2000
flow is usually laminar
50
If NR is >3000
flow is usually turbulent
51
What is the equation for NR?
Nr= (P*V*D)/viscosity, where p is density of blood
52
Turbulent blood flow requires higher perfusion pressure to
maintain specific flow as compared with laminar flow
53
What causes murmurs?
Turbulent flow
54
What does blood density depend upon?
Number of cells and large proteins in whole blood
55
Low hematocrit decreases
vessel turbulence
56
Fewer RBCs decreases
density
57
High shear as during high flow systole =
lower viscosity
58
Low shear as during lower flow diastole =
higher viscosity
59
Higher hematocrit during slower flow reduces noise but leads to
thrombi formation
60
Flow of blood from a small diameter vessel into a suddenly wider diameter vessel will
increase turbulence (Energy lost as volume gets wider)
61
What is shear a result of?
The adjacent layers of blood traveling through vessels at different velocities
62
Where is shear highest?
At the blood vessel wall
63
Where is shear lowest?
In center of blood vessel, where velocity of blood is highest
64
What is compliance?
Ratio of the change in volume of a structure and the change in pressure within the structure
65
What is the reciprocal of compliance?
Measure of stiffness
66
What is the compliance of veins?
High and they expand easily
67
What is the compliance of arteries?
Low, harder to expand
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