Systems 2 > Respiratory Microstructure > Flashcards

Respiratory Microstructure Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Alveoli make up the

A

parenchyma of the lung

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2
Q

What is the site of gas exchange between ai and bloodstream?

A

Respiratory zone

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3
Q

As lungs fill with air, elastic fibers around bronchioles and alveoli will do what?

A

Stretch and store potential energy

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4
Q

Recoil of elastic fibers and relaxation of other musculature will do what?

A

Reduce the volume of the lungs

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5
Q

What are conchae?

A

Thin spicules of bone covered by epithelium

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6
Q

Conchae provide

A

resistance to slow down air so that it can be warmed, humidified and filtered

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7
Q

Most conchae surfaces have typical

A

epithelium (Superior conchae also houses the olfactory epi)

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8
Q

What is typical respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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9
Q

Resp epi is specialized to

A

trap particulate from air and prevent it from entering the resp zone via mucociliary escalator

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10
Q

What 2 layers are part of the mucociliary escalator?

A

Gel layer and sol layer

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11
Q

Describe the gel layer

A

goblet cells produce sticky mucus that sits above cilia and traps particles in air

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12
Q

Describe the sol layer

A

thinner fluid layer sitting among cilia which beat continuously to push gel towards mouth to be disposed

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13
Q

Cilia are composed of

A

microtubules which have dynein protein attached

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14
Q

What happens if cilia can’t beat?

A

Secretions with trapped debris stay in resp system and result in infections

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15
Q

What is primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Recessive genetic disorder affecting cilia – they lack dynein arms so they are non motile

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16
Q

What happens in primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Cant clear mucous so get chornic infections which lead to bronchiectasis (thickening of walls of airway)

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17
Q

What is the consistency of normal mucus?

A

Balanced with water and ions- thick enough to trap, thin enough to move

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18
Q

With diseases that change the consistency of mucus to a more viscous state, it can lead to

A
  • Chronic infections when cilia arent strong enough to move mucus
  • Blocking airway as mucus accumulates
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19
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a disease that makes mucus more

A

viscous

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20
Q

Mutation in CFTR gene in cystic fibrosis results in

A

defective Cl- channel

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21
Q

Normally, Cl- ions flow though CFTR out of the cell. Greater ionic concentration outside cell attracts

A

water molecules to make it more watery in consistency

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22
Q

If CFTR channel is nonfunctional, secretion of

A

Cl- ions decreases. Get a dehydrated, thicker mucus

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23
Q

ORNs sit in an epithelium that includes

A

support cells, basal stem cells and glands

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24
Q

Inhaled odorants bind with

Study These Flashcards
A

receptors on olfactory cilia that extend from ORN dendritic processes

25
What happens when odorants bind?
Action potentials fire and signal propagates down ORN axons
26
What is the epi type of olfactory epi?
Pseudostratified with ORNs
27
Nasopharynx has what type of epi?
Typical resp epi-- pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
28
What type of epi does oropharynx have?
Strat squamous epi
29
What is function of larynx?
- Continuing path of airflow into and out of lungs - Protect lower airway by ensuring food goes into esophagus - Making sounds
30
What do tru vocal folds do?
Vibrate to make sounds -- close together during phonation
31
What do false vocal folds do?
Lubricate structures in area, including true vocal folds
32
What is the epi of false vocal folds?
Typical resp epi and numerous glands
33
What is the epi of true vocal folds?
Strat squamous, abundnat muscle and no glands
34
What does vocalis muscle allow?
Movement of the folds to produce sounds
35
Trachea is lined by
typical respiratory epithelium
36
At the lung hilum, bronchi become
intra-pulmonary bronchi
37
What are characteristics of bronchus?
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epi with goblet cells - Lamina propria - Ring of smooth m - CT with glands and irregular plates of cartilage
38
Smaller bronchioles have what type of epi?
Ciliated columnar
39
The smallest bronchioles have what type of epi?
Simple cuboidal
40
Largest bronchioles have what type of epi?
Pseudostratified
41
In bronchioles, what are govlet cells replaced with?
Club cells that secrete a proteinaceous fluid so that walls dont stick together
42
Where do glands and cartilage disappear?
Bronchioles
43
What is the final structure of the conducting zone?
Terminal bronchioles
44
When the first alveolus interrupts the wall of a bronchiole, it is now a
respiratory bronchiole
45
What is the first structure in the respiratory zone?
Respiratory bronchiole
46
What are some characteristics of respiratory bronchioles?
- Alveoli open into them - lined with simple cuboidal - Smooth muscle in walls
47
Alveoli open into
bronchiole walls (resp bronch)
48
Alveoli are lined with
simple squamous epi
49
Alveolar ducts lead into
alveolar sacs
50
How are alveolar sacs arranged?
Around a central point
51
What are type I cells?
Simple squamous
52
What are type II cells?
Cuboidal
53
What type of capillaries surroung alveoli?
Continuous capillaries
54
Gas exchange occurs in alveoli when O2 from alveolar air diffuses through ________ into ______
blood-air barrier into capillary and binds to Hb
55
What does the blood-air barrier consist of?
- Cytoplasm of type I - Cytoplasm of capillary endothelial cell - Shared BM of both cells
56
Surface tension interferes with
gas exchange
57
Surfactant reduces surface tension, ensuring what?
- Gases diffuse efficiently - Alveoli don't collapse
58
What are some histological differences between type I and II cells?
II are rounder with plump nuclei
59
What are alveolar macrophages referred to as?
Dust cells
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