Systems 2 > Microstructure Cardio > Flashcards

Microstructure Cardio Flashcards

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1
Q

What do veins do in systemic circuit?

A

Return deoxygenated blood from body to heart to enter pulmonary circuit

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2
Q

What do arteries and capillaries do in systemic circuit?

A

Provide oxygen rich blood to the body

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3
Q

What do arteries do in pulmonary circuit?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange

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4
Q

What do veins do in pulmonary circuit?

A

Return freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart to be pumped into the systemic circuit

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5
Q

Oxygenated blood travels from arteries to _______ to ________

A

arterioles, capillaries

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6
Q

Capillaries are specialized for

A

oxygenation of tissues

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7
Q

Deoxygenated blood travels from capillaries to ______, then _______, then ______

A

venules, veins, heart

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8
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels or chambers of the heart

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9
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid due to the force of gravity

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10
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Blood pressure during ventricular contraction

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11
Q

What is diastolic pressure?

A

BP during ventricular relaxation

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12
Q

What arteries have more elastic fibers?

A

Ones closest to the heart so they can withstand pulsatile force

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13
Q

Arteries further from the heart have

A

more muscle to drive blood to tissues

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14
Q

Capillaries have thin walls to encourage

A

nutrient exchange

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15
Q

Veins have valves to do what?

A

Prevent blood backflow

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16
Q

Veins have large lumens for

A

blood storage

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17
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers in blood vessels?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia
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18
Q

Describe endothelium of the tunica intima

A

simple squamous cells sitting on a basement membrane

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19
Q

Describe internal elastic lamina of tunic intima

A

THin layer of elastic fibers

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20
Q

What is the nuclei like in blood vessel endothelium?

A

Bulge slightly into the lumen of the vessel

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21
Q

How do endotheliual cells influence clotting behavior?

A

Produce a chemical (prostacyclin) that prevents platelet adhesion and unwanted blood coagulation

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22
Q

What influences do endothelial cells have on blood pressure?

A
  • Synthesize vasoactive substances
  • Convert angiotensin I to II
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23
Q

What do we mean by vasoactive substances?

A

Those that constrict or dilate vessels

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24
Q

Vascular endothelial cells of the lung synthesize

A

ACE (converts angiotensin I to II)

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25
Angiotensin II causes
vasoconstriction, an increase in BP systematically
26
How are cells arranges in tunica media?
Layers of smooth muscle cells arranged in circular wrapped sheets
27
Smooth muscle cells in tunica media control what?
Dilation/constriction of vessel and manufacture CT fibers in vessel wall
28
What does the tunica media consist of?
- Smooth m layer - Collagena dn elastic fibers - External elastic lamina
29
What is the shape of smooth muscle cells?
Spindle shaped, central nucleus, no striations
30
Tunica adventitia has a loose CT that includes:
- Small blood vessels that supply larger arteries and veins - Nerves that regulate constriction/dilation of vessels
31
Larger vessels have vaso vaso rum, which provide
local slower flowing blood to allow for nutrient exchange
32
What do elastic (conducting) arteries do?
Conduct blood from heart to muscular arteries, handle high BP and flow, maintain BP
33
What do muscular (distributing) arteries do?
Distribute blood to organs
34
What do arterioles (resistance) do?
Regulate blood flow to capillary beds by providing resistance
35
What are the elastic (conducting) arteries?
Large vessels that receive blood directly from the heart
36
Elastic (conducting) arteries help maintain arterial pressure via
elastic recoil during diastole with receptors sensitive to changes in BP and CO2/O2 conc.
37
How do the elastic fibers in elastic artery appear on histology?
Wavy red lines in H&E or darker lines in specialized elastic stains
38
Where are the muscular (distributing) arteries?
Further from the heart
39
The muscular arteries have more smooth muscle since it allows for
greater control of blood flow to organs
40
What are arterioles?
Tiny arteries that transport blood into capillary beds
41
Arterioles have a small diameter lumen whcih means
high resistance and therefore slower blood flow
42
Arterioles are a major determinant of
systemic blood pressure
43
What are capillaries?
Tiny thin walled vessels specialized to exchange gas, nutrients and waste
44
What is the structure of capillaries?
- Single layer of endo cells on basement membrane - Modified smooth m cells cling to outside
45
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
- Continuous - Fenestrated - Discontinuous
46
What capillary is the most permeable?
Discontinuous
47
What is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous (found in nearly all vascularized tissue)
48
Describe structure of continuous capillaries
- Continuous endo layer attached intercellularly via tight junctions - Continuous basement
49
What are continuous capillaries useful in?
When the transport of materials needs to be highly regulated- can exchange gases, ions, water and small molecules
50
In continuous capillaries, what do gases and ions diffuse through?
Tight junctions
51
In continuous capillaries, water and glucose are transported via
pinocytosis
52
Fenestrated capillaries can have diaphragms that function in
filtration
53
Where are fenestrated capillaries found?
Kidneys, intestinal tract, gall bladder and in endocrine organs
54
What are discontinuous capillaries?
Capillaries with large intercellular gaps and an incomplete basement membrane
55
Discontinuous capillaries can sometimes be called
sinusoids
56
Where are discontinuous capillaries present?
Liver, bone marrow and adrenal gland
57
VEGF is important in Angiogenesis to stimulate
proliferation and migration of endothelial cells
58
VEGF is important in Vasculogenesis to stimulate proliferation of
stem cells and assists in forming capillary tubes
59
VEGF is imporant in
Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis
60
Veins are ______ pressure systems
low
61
BP is greatest in _______ closest to ______
arteries; heart
62
Veins can't rely on high BP to drive flow, so they use
skeletal muscle pumps
63
Describe the lumen of veins
Large irregular lumens (due to low pressure within them)
64
What has a thinner tunica media- arteries or veins?
Veins
65
What is a difference between arteries and veins?
Veins do not have internal or external elastic lamina
66
Postcapillary venules drain
capillary beds
67
What is the epicardium made of?
CT with adipose tissue, vasa and nervi vasorum
68
What is the endocardium made of?
Simple squamous endo cells and CT
69
Deep to the endocardium lies
a layer of modified cardiac muscle cells called purkinje fibers
70
Why are purkinje fibers important?
For the conduction system of the heart
71
What do purkinje fibers appear like on histo?
Large, pale-staining cells in subendocardium. Can be binucleated
72
Myocardium is made up of
- Cardiac myocytes arranged in fascicles - Many blood vessels
73
Why do ventricles have thicker myocardium?
THey need to pump blood out to circulation
74
Epicardium contaisn
- Cardiac vaso vasorum - Nervi vasorum - Dense CT and adipose
75
Lymphatic vessles pick up fluid and use _______ and _______ to circulate lymph
smooth muscle and skel muscle pump
76
In small intestine, what are lymphatic capillaries called?
Lacteals
Systems 2
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