Hemostasis, thrombosis, emboli Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

Accumulation of blood in the tissues as a result of bleeding

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2
Q

Name 3 substances secreted by endothelial cells

A

Heparan sulphate

Prostacyclin

Nitric oxide

ADPase

tPA

All prevent platelet interaction and coagulation

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3
Q

What is the role of haemostasis?

A

Physiological mechanism for maintaining blood in a fluid state within the vessel. Responds to injuries in small vessels and induces a haemostatic plug.

  • body is not able to control bleeding from a medium or large artery.
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4
Q

What are the physiological factors that normally prevent clotting?

A

Intact endothelial lining

Anticoagulant mechanisms

Dilution of clotting factors

Removal of activated factors

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5
Q

Name three counter regulatory factors of the clotting cascade (5)

A

Anti-thrombins inhibit thrombin and other coagulation factors

Thrombin promotes release of prostacyclin and ADPase from the endothelium (negative feedback)

Release of tPA converts the plasminogen to plasmin, which causes fibrinolysis

Blood flow removes clotting factors from the rite of injury (dilution)

Removal of activated clotting factors by the liver

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6
Q

What is the role of the endothelium in haemostasis?

A

Acts as a physical barrier which prevents platelet interaction with collagen and vWF

Secretes anticoagulant factors (prevent platelet activation, anti-thrombins)

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7
Q

What are the changes that take place when the endothelium becomes activated?

A

When endothelial cells are damaged they exhibit procoagulant functions

The vessel constricts in response to a neuogenic reflex and enothelin release from endothelial vells

Loss of barrier function exposes collagen and vWF. Platelt ECAM-1 is expressed on the cell surface. This results in platelet aggregation and adhesion

Subendothelial cells secrete tissue factor which promotes coagnulation

Fibrinolysis is inhibited by a tPA inhibitor.

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8
Q

Describe the vents in thrombus formation

A

Endothelial damge results in the exposure of collagen and vWF which mediates platelet adhesion. Platelets express surface glycoproteins receptors which bind to the ligand.

Activated platelets change shape and aggregate.

ADP is released from granules which stimulates further aggregation of platelets forming a platelet plug.

TXA2 is synthesised by platelets and causes platelet activation and vasoconstriction. Receptors on the platelt surface interact with coagulation factors to initate the clotting cascade,

Prothrombin is cleaved to thrombin, which produces fibrinogen. Fibrinogen plymerises to form a firm hemostatic plug.

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9
Q

Name three acquired causes of excessive bleeding

A

Liver disease

Excessive anticoagulation

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (septicaemia)

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10
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a thrombus - a solid mass of blood constituents (blood clot) formed within the vascular system during life.

Composed of platelets, fibrin and blood cells

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11
Q

What are the three factors that predispose an indiviual to thrombosis?

A

Abnormalities of the vessel wall: atheroma, injury, external pressure

Abnormalites in blood flow: stasts, immobilisation, congestive heart failure (poor venous return), turbulent flow

Abnormal blood constituents: thrombocytosis, smoking, deficiency in anti-coagulants

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12
Q

Describe the appearance of a thrombus

A

Arterial thrombi are usually firmer and paler than venous thrombi

Alternate dark and pale areas corresponding to trapped platelets, fibrin and trapped RBCs (lines of Zahn)

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13
Q

Describe the clinical effects of arterial thrombosis

A

Aterial thrombosis is usually due to the rupture of a plaque or atheroma (because of a damaged vessel wall and turbulent flow)

This cuts off blood supply to part of an organ causing ischemic necrosis. (can lead to MI or stroke)

Thrombosis can also be a source of emboli.

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14
Q

What are the clinical effects of venous thrombosis?

A

Venous thrombosis usually occurs due to stasis of blood in the veins.

DVT which commonly occurs in the calf or iliofemoral vessels causes swelling, pain, tenderness, discolouration, and a raised temperature. However a patient can have DVT and be asymptomatic.

Complications of DVT include pulmonary embolism, ulcers (post phlebotic syndrome), phlelgmasia cerulae (venous gangrene)

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15
Q

Define emboli

A

A mass which travels through the vascular tree and becomes lodged to obstruct blood flow.

Most emboli come from thrombi

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16
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count.

This can be caused by reduced platelet production from BM, destruction of platelets or removal by an enlarged spleen

17
Q

Haemophillia

A

Haemophilia A: due to a lack of factor VIII

Haemophillia B: due to a lack of factor IX

Leads to abnormal bleeding due to failure of the coagulation cascade

18
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Characterised by excessive activation of the coagulation cascade and may be triggered by the release of tissue thromboplastins following trauma, surgery or blood transfusion.

Can lead to uncontrolled bleeding as all the clotting factors are used up, and may result in death.

19
Q

Thrombophilia

A

Conditions associated with excessive clotting. Can be acquired (fractures) or inherited (protein C deficiency, anticoagulant).

20
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

Characterised by excessive activation of the coagulation cascade and may be triggered by the release of tissue thromboplastins following trauma, surgery or blood transfusion.

Can lead to uncontrolled bleeding as all the clotting factors are used up, and may result in death.

21
Q

fate of thrombus

A

Propagation in direction of blood flow

Fibrinolysis and removal

Organisation into scar tissue within the vessel

Recanalisation with re-established blood flow

Embolism

22
Q

symptoms and signs of pulmonary thromboembolism

A

Symptoms : chest pain, SOB, collapse, cough, haemoptysis Signs: tachycardia, hypotension, tachypnoea, raised JVP

23
Q

Diagnosis of thromboembolism

A

wells criteria

ECG - tachycardia, RBBB,

D-Adimer assay (breakdown product of fibrin)

Blood gases

CxR V/Q scan

CT pulmonary angiography

24
Q

Treatment of DVT

A

Prophylactic: heparin, leg compression, mobilisation

Treatment: heparin, warfarin

25
Q

Treatment for pulmonary thromboembolism

A

Oxygen Heparin, warfarin Thrombolysis if severe Emboli tony

26
Q

Treatment of arterial thrombus

A

Aspirin (anti platelets) Streptokinase, TPA

27
Q

sources of emboli

A

Air Fat Tumour cells Foreign material

28
Q

Compare heparin and warfarin

A

Heparin: Strong, fast-acting, given IV, daily blood testing (APTT) Sides effects are bleeding, rash, headache

Warfarin: Long term treatment, pill, blood testing (prothrombin time), Side effects: bleeding, headache, rash