HIE Flashcards
(21 cards)
Define asphyxia
Asphyxia is a condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen, leading to suffocation.
Define HIE
HIE stands for Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy, a type of brain injury resulting from oxygen deprivation.
Hallmark of asphyxia.
The hallmark of asphyxia is a significant reduction in oxygen supply to the tissues.
Pathophysiology of HIE
HIE involves a combination of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and ischemia (lack of blood flow) leading to neuronal injury.
Give examples of hypoxic events that can cause HIE x 5
- Birth asphyxia
- Near drowning
- Cardiac arrest
- Severe respiratory distress
- High altitude exposure
Causes of inadequate maternal placental perfusion x 2
- Maternal hypotension
- Placental abruption
Causes of interruption in umbilical blood flow x 2
- Umbilical cord compression
- Knotting of the umbilical cord
Causes of failed placental gas exchange x 3
- Placental insufficiency
- Maternal smoking
- Intrauterine infection
Grading of HIE x 3
- Mild HIE
- Moderate HIE
- Severe HIE
Clinical features of mild HIE x 6
- Normal tone
- Mild lethargy
- Feeding difficulties
- Slightly decreased responsiveness
- Brief seizures
- No significant neurological deficits
Features of moderate HIE x 4
- Abnormal tone
- Prolonged lethargy
- Seizures
- Neurological deficits
Features of severe HIE x 5
- Coma
- Absent reflexes
- Severe hypotonia
- Seizures
- Multi-organ failure
Causes of primary neuronal death x 3
- Severe hypoxia
- Ischemia
- Toxic metabolites
Cause of secondary neuronal death.
Secondary neuronal death is caused by reperfusion injury following the restoration of blood flow.
Management of HIE x 5
- Therapeutic hypothermia
- Supportive care
- Seizure management
- Nutritional support
- Monitoring for complications
How does therapeutic hypothermia work.
Therapeutic hypothermia works by reducing the metabolic rate of the brain, thereby decreasing neuronal injury after hypoxia.
Multi organ dysfunction caused by HIE x 5
- Renal failure
- Liver dysfunction
- Cardiac dysfunction
- Pulmonary complications
- Hematological abnormalities
Which classes of THE get therapeutic hypothermia
Therapeutic hypothermia is indicated for infants with moderate to severe HIE.
Define reperfusion injury
Reperfusion injury is damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia.
Patients in which birth asphyxia is suspected x 5
- Apneic infants
- Infants with low Apgar scores
- Infants with meconium-stained amniotic fluid
- Infants with abnormal fetal heart rate patterns
- Infants requiring resuscitation at birth
Differences between caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma
Caput succedaneum is a swelling of the soft tissues of the head, while cephalohematoma is a collection of blood between the skull and periosteum.
