HISTO LAB - CT Flashcards
1
Q
– responsible for providing and maintaining form
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2
Q
-made up mainly of non-living material, extracellular matrix
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
3
Q
-matrix: physically links cells and tissues, gives mechanical support to the different organs
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4
Q
-contains blood vessels and nerves; serves the needs of avascular epithelium
A
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
5
Q
CT component
CT Cells originate from —————–
A
precursor cells in primitive mesenchyme
6
Q
ct fibers are made up of
A
proteins and polysaccharides
7
Q
most abundant protein in the human body
A
collagen
8
Q
-key element of all CT, basement membrane, external laminae of muscles and nerve cells
A
collagen
9
Q
-synthesizes collagen and reticular fibers
A
collagen
10
Q
CT fiber
may be arranged as parallel fibers or discontinuous sheets
-has properties of stretching and elastic recoil
A
elastin
11
Q
GS is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
A
hydrophilic
12
Q
-form a medium for the passage of molecule throughout supporting tissues
A
ground substance
13
Q
-for the exchange of metabolites with the circulatory system
A
ground substance
14
Q
-gel-like: serves as lubricant, barrier to invasive microorganism
A
ground substance
15
Q
embryonic CT which originates from the mesoderm and neural crest ectoderm
A
- Mesenchymal CT
16
Q
Mesenchymal CT originates from?
A
mesoderm and neural crest ectoderm
17
Q
fibers of Mesenchymal CT
A
uniformly distributed sparse collagen fibers (reticular type)
18
Q
cells of Mesenchymal CT
A
undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (a homogenous population of cells but may also have stem/progenitor cells)
19
Q
transient type of tissue
A
mucoid CT
20
Q
LOCATION OF MUCOID CT
A
-location: umbilical cord and fetal organs
21
Q
-matrix of mucoid ct
A
jelly-like
22
Q
-fibers: mucoid ct
A
delicate network of collagen fibers
23
Q
-cells:mucoid ct
A
scattered star-shaped fibroblasts (w/ flattened processes that appear to fuse with neighboring cells)
24
Q
-ground substance: mucoid ct
A
soft, very abundant, appears homogenous in fresh state, composed chiefly of hyaluronic acid
25
-residue: contains granules and fibrillar precipitates when fixed; exhibits staining reactions of mucin
mucoid CT
26
– most widely distributed CT
1. Loose/Areolar CT
27
CT found in almost every microscopic section of the body
1. Loose/Areolar CT
28
-fills up empty spaces
1. Loose/Areolar CT
29
-serves as packing and anchoring material
1. Loose/Areolar CT
30
-supports epithelium where it encompasses the lamina propia (thick layer beneath the epithelial lining of stomach and intestines)
1. Loose/Areolar CT
31
- flexible, but not very resistant to stress
| - richly supplied with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
1. Loose/Areolar CT
32
-cells of loose ct:
holds a collection of all types of cells, more abundant than fiber
33
-ground substance of loose ct:
moderate
34
-cells: adipocytes which may be isolated, in small groups (loose and dense irregular CT), in large aggregates (fat)
2. Adipose CT
35
-efficient thermal insulators
2. Adipose CT
36
-primary storage site for neutral fats (triglycerides)
2. Adipose CT
37
-key regulators of the body’s overall energy metabolism
2. Adipose CT
38
- shock absorbers
| - richly vascularized
2. Adipose CT
39
-cells of adipose ct:
adipocytes which may be isolated, in small groups (loose and dense irregular CT), in large aggregates (fat)
40
– spherical
- large due to the presence of a single lipid droplet
- nucleus appears flattened, displaced on one side
- surrounded by reticular fibers
*Adipocyte
41
what fibers surround an adipocyte
reticular
42
*As the number of adipocytes grow, they are pushed aside these fibers forming the ------------- (where other CT cells and blood vessels are located).
fibrous septum
43
2 Types of Adipose Tissue
– found only in fetus, newborn, hibernating animals
-function: heat production during the first months of postnatal life
2. Brown or Multilocular
44
2 Types of Adipose Tissue
20% of body weight
-function: reserve energy source through homeostatic mobilization & mobilization of triglycerides
1. White or Unilocular –
45
- forms the supportive stroma of lymphoid organs, hematopoietic bone marrow and endocrine glands
3. Reticular CT
46
-fibers of Reticular CT:
reticular fibers (Type III) which anastomose forming a delicated 3D closed-meshed network: lattice fibers
47
-cells of reticular ct:
reticular cells (modified fibroblasts)
48
-elements create a cell-lined system that allows passage of lymphocytes and lymph
Reticular CT
49
- contains most of the components found in loose CT
| - but has more fibers and fewer cells
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
50
-orientation and arrangement of collagen bundles make it resistant to stress
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
51
– densely packed coarse Type I collagen
| -fibers and cells oriented into parallel cylinders
1. Dense Regular CT
52
– main functional component of tendons and ligaments
• Dense regular collagenous or fibrous CT
53
is Dense regular collagenous or fibrous CT vascular or not
AVASCULAR
54
-cells of dense reg collagenous ct:
fibrocytes (appear stellate when the tendon is cut in cross section, sometimes termed tendinocytes)
55
– occurs infrequently
Dense elastic CT
56
-location of dense elastic
yellow ligaments (ligamentum flava) of vertebral column, suspensory ligaments of penis
57
fibers of dense elastic
-thick elastic fibers with thin collagen fibers + flattened fibroblasts
58
cells of dense elastic
-fibroblasts branch frequently and fuse with one another
59
-ground substance of dense elastic:
scanty
60
-individual fibers are surrounded by a network of reticular fibers
what type of ct
Dense elastic CT
61
– collagen fibers forming unaligned 3D meshwork
Dense Irregular CT
62
function of Dense Irregular CT
-function: provide resistance to stress in all directions (because of the haphazard arrangement)
63
location of Dense Irregular CT
-location: fasciae, reticular region of dermis, periosteum, joint capsules, membrane capsules around kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes, heart valves
64
ground substance of Dense Irregular CT
-ground substance: scanty, located between fibers and cells with some bv
65
cells of Diffuse Lymphoid CT
-cells: irregularly scattered in a loose manner lymphoid cells
66
stroma of Diffuse Lymphoid CT
reticular fibers + reticular cells
67
location of Diffuse Lymphoid CT
inter-nodular, deep cortical, medullary regions of lymph nodes
Peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath of spleen
Nodular regions of tonsils and Peyer’s patches
68
CT with closely packed lymphoid cells
Dense lymphoid CT
69
– compact, circumscribed condensations of lymphocytes
Lymph nodules
70
– pale central portion of lymph nodules, with large lymphocytes showing mitotic figures;
Germinal center of Flemming/ Secondary nodules
71
site of active production of lymphocytes (but newly formed cells die locally and are disposed by macrophages)
Germinal center of Flemming/ Secondary nodules
72
– irregular elongated condensation of lymphocytes in the medulla of lymph node
Lymphatic cord
73
-plasma cells are more numerous in?
medullary cords
74
-only ------------ lymphocytes reach the CVS
small and medium-sized
75
----- do not circulate (under normal conditions)
large lymphocytes and plasma cells
76
– specialized fibrous CT composed of chondrocytes (islands of cells) surrounded by an intensely basophilic ECM
-avascular
CARTILAGE
77
-solid and firm, somewhat pliable (accounts for special resilient properties)
CARTILAGE
78
-key tissue in growing bones
CARTILAGE
79
-serves as shock absorbing and sliding area for joint
CARTILAGE
80
-facilitates bone movement
CARTILAGE
81
-cartilage matrix: serves as route for diffusion of nutrients, makes up 40% of cartilage, primarily composed of type II collagen and GS
CARTILAGE
82
a) – glassy, amorphous and homogenous staining matrix which appears bluish white
Hyaline
83
cartilage with -low cell-matrix ratio (more matrix)
hyaline cartilage
84
cells of hyaline
chondrocytes (w/in lacuna) are embedded and evenly distributed throughout the matrix
85
fibers of hyaline
-fibers: type II collagen fibers
86
GS of hyaline
-ground substance: abundant in acidic sulfhydryl group (sulphated proteoglycans) responsible for intense basohilia
87
-surrounded by perichondrium
elastic and hyaline cartilage
88
location of hyaline
-location: articular surfaces of synovial joints, walls of larger respiratory passages, temporary skeleton of fetus
89
– most resilient cartilage
b) Elastic
90
matrix of elastic cartilage
-matrix: opaque, high cell-matrix ratio (more cells)
91
fibers of elastic cartilage
-fibers: elastic fibers + type II collagen fibers
92
location of elastic cartilage
-location: pinna of ear, Eustachian tube, epiglottis, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages of larynx
93
least resilient cartilage
Fibrocartilage
94
location of fibrocartilage
-location: (regions subjected to pulling forces) intervertebral disks, articular disks of sterno-clavicular joint, other areas of insertion of tendons and ligaments
95
fibers of fibrocartilage
-fibers: type I collagen (makes the matrix acidophilic)
96
cells of fibrocartilage
-cells: chondrocytes in lacuna dispersed in linear arrangement
97
- vascularized, rigid
BONE
98
-dynamic plastic tissue
BONE
99
-heavily mineralized ECM, making It hard and brittle
BONE
100
storage depot for: ?% calcium
?% phosphorus
?% Na and Mg
99% calcium
85% phosphorus
65% Na and Mg
101
BONE MATRIX compnents
– calcium and phosphorus
-impart strength, inflexibility, and hardness
A. Inorganic (65%)
102
BONE MATRIX compnents
| – proteoglycan, GAGs, glycoproteins, type I collagen fibers
B. Organic (35%)
103
BONE CELLS
– derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
-have the capacity for mitosis
-found adjacent to newly formed bone matrix
A. Osteoprogenitor cells
104
```
BONE CELLS
– originate from osteoprogenitor cells
-squamous, cuboidal or columnar
-with basophilic cytoplasm
-responsible for formation of bone matrix
-found on surfaces of developing bones
```
Osteoblasts
105
BONE CELLS
- mature, principal cells of fully formed bone
- flattened cells, oval nucleus
- function: maintain mineralized matrix
Osteocytes
106
BONE CELLS
– giant, multinucleated cells
-seen in areas where active bone resorption occurs
Osteoclasts
107
Types of Bone
– has trabeculae or spicules, regions between are filled with bone marrow
-osteocytes and numerous BV lie within the immediate vicinity of this bone
-occupy greater part of epiphysis
1. Spongy or Cancellous
108
Types of Bone
solid mass occupying the shaft or diaphysis
-presence of osteons
-interstitial lamellae: layers of bone between haversian systems
-Volkmann’s canals: vascular channels w/c connect adjacent Haversian canals
2. Compact or Dense
109
– specialized CT surrounding the bone periphery; made up of osteoprogenitor cells
Periosteum
110
– supporting tissue lining the medullary canal of bones; made up of osteoprogenitor cells
Endosteum
111
endosteum is made up of what cells
osteoprogenitor
112
–bone development, growth, maturation
OSTEOGENESIS or HISTOGENESIS OF BONE
113
OSTEOGENESIS or HISTOGENESIS OF BONE involves
a. osteoblast formation
b. mineral deposition
c. bone remodelling at resoprtion sites
114
formed at diaphysis
| -site of increase bone diameter
*Primary ossification center –
115
located at epiphysis
| -site of longitudinal bone growth
*Secondary ossification center –
116
– occurs in mesenchymal membrane
| -condensation of mesenchymal cells leads to differentiation into osteoblasts to form primary bone tissue
1. Intramembranous ossification
117
-forms flat bones
1. Intramembranous ossification
118
-also contributes to the growth of short bones and thickening of long bones
1. Intramembranous ossification
119
-presence of hyaline cartilage (shape resembles a small bone)
Intracartilaginous /Endochondral ossification
120
-forms short and long bones
Intracartilaginous /Endochondral ossification
121
-allows functional stresses to be sustained during skeletal growth
Intracartilaginous /Endochondral ossification
122
region where bony shaft is separated from bony epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate –
123
5 zones of osteogenesis
1. Zone of reserve cartilage – resting zone
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of maturation and of hypetrophy
4. Zone of cartilage degeneration (Calcified cartilage)
5. Osteogenic (ossification) zone
124
red fluid tissue that circulates through CVS, propelled by the pumping action of heart
BLOOD
125
relative volume of cells (45%) and plasma (55%)
Hematocrit
126
– upper part, WBC + platelets
Buffy coat
127
– method that displays diff cell types of peripheral blood to greatest advantage
Blood smear
128
– circulating, anucleated cells
- stain pink or salmon with eosin
- about 7.4 um
- size reference
- -devoid of organelles and nucleus
1. RBC
129
–smallest and lightest
| -tiny irregular masses of basophilic cytoplasm
Platelets
130
-derived from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
Platelets
131
-form clumps
Platelets
132
granules of platelets
-granules: alpha, beta, lambda
133
-function: blood clotting, clot retraction, clot dissolution
Platelets
134
– leukocytes with numerous granules & lobulated/segmented nucleus
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
135
– fine violet/lilac/pink granules
1. Neutrophil
136
-3-5 lobes joined by nuclear strands
1. Neutrophil
137
-increase in number during bacterial infections
1. Neutrophil
138
-active phagocyte
1. Neutrophil
139
-heterochromatin (periphery of nucleus) & euchromatin (center of nucleus)
neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil
140
-less lobes, ______ mature
less
141
– large, coarse, bright red-orange granules
Eosinophils
142
-bilobed nucleus but small, 3rd lobe may be present
Eosinophils
143
-release arylsulfatase & histaminases at sites of allergic rxn
Eosinophils
144
phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complexes
Eosinophils
145
1st line of defense against parasite infection
Eosinophils
146
increase in number during allergic rxns and parasitic infections
Eosinophils
147
– not as numerous, rarest
- vary in size
- stain dark blue
- obscured nucleus
- heterochromatin (periphery of nucleus) & euchromatin (center of nucleus)
- activated: release histamines and leukotrienes that produce inflammatory response
Basophils
148
- few or no granules in cytoplasm
Mononuclear agranulocytes
149
1. – main functional cells of lymphatic/immune system
Lymphocytes
150
-show more variations in size
Lymphocytes
151
-ribosomes: basis for slight basophilia
Lymphocytes
152
- small: intensely staining, slightly indented, spherical nucleus, pale blue cytoplasm
- medium: more abundant cytoplasm, larger nucleus, less heterochromatic
Lymphocytes
153
– long life span
| -involved in cell-mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
154
– variable life spans
- production of antibodies
- humoral immunity
B lymphocytes
155
– immune surveillance
NK Cells
156
–largest of all WBC
Monocytes
157
-many fine, small, dense azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
Monocytes
158
-leaves BV during inflammation and transforms into tissue macrophage
Monocytes
159
agranulocyte which participates in phagocytosis
Monocytes
160
-basophilic cytoplasm
Monocytes
161
-stains lightly than lymphocytes
Monocytes
162
-nucleus shape: round, oval, indented, horseshoe
Monocytes
163
Proteins found in 3 fibers
Collagen
Elastin
Fibrillin
164
Soluble fiber in blood
Fibrinogen
165
Insoluble fiber in blood
Fibrin
166
Unclotted blood
Plasma
167
Clotted blood
Serum
168
WBC with spongy nucleus and brainlike convolutions
Monocytes
169
Type of WBC
Vacuole may be present
Light gray cytoplasm
Monocyte
170
Formed element that is refractile
Platelets/thrombocytes
171
Forms the bulk of CT
ECM
172
Where cells and fibers are suspended
ECM
173
A fixed cell which produces GS and fibers
Fibroblast
174
Layer of CT that encloses glands
Capsules
175
What does eosinophil release at sites of allergic rxn
Arylsulfatases and histaminasrs
176
What does basophil release when activated?
Histamines and leukotrienes
177
In lymphocytes, these are the basis for slight basophilia
Ribosomes
178
Contain granules called lysosomes
Monocytes
179
-concentrates Ag and presents it to lymphocytes
Monocytes
