Integral Peripheral Multipass Transmembrane

CELLS - HISTO LEC Flashcards by J G

Two Basic Parts of the Cell:

Cytoplasm

2. Nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

metabolically active structures or complexes, with or without membranes, in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Organelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

outermost component of the cell

-separates cytoplasm from extracellular environment

PLASMA MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

defines the outer limit of the cell

- continuum exists between extracellular and intracellular macromolecules

PLASMA MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

contains integrins

- made of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, oligosaccharide chains

PLASMA MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a selective barrier regulating passage of materials into and out of the cell
facilitates transport of molecules

PLASMA MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

range from 7.5 to 10 nm in thickness

- visible only in electron microscope

PLASMA MEMBRANE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

consisting of two nonpolar long-chain fatty acids linked to a charged polar head bearing a phosphate group

Amphipathic –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Phospholipids are most stable when organized into a

double layer (hydrophobic toward the middle).

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

*Phospholipids in each half of the bilayer are

different.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

restricts movement of phospholipid fatty acids; stabilizes lipid bilayer

Cholesterol –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

areas of less movement

-have higher concentrations of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids

Lipid rafts -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

proteins/linkages which produce a continuous exchange of influences, in both directions, between ECM and cytoplasm

Integrins –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– fluid component of cytoplasm

Cytosol

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– proteins which determine the shape and motility of eukaryotic cells

Cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

minor cytoplasmic structures which are generally deposits of carbohydrates, lipids, or pigments

Inclusions –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

outer lipids which include oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cell surface
-contribute to glycocalyx

Glycolipids –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– delicate cell surface coating formed by glycolipids

Glycocalyx

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

major constituent of membranes

Proteins –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

TYPES OF PROTEINS

Integral
Peripheral
Multipass Transmembrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– small electron-dense particles

all have 2 subunits of different sizes
act to catalyze the process of protein translation

Ribosomes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane

encloses a cisternae
SINGLE MEMBRANE

Endoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

series of intercommunicating channels and sacs

Cisterna –

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum

1.	Synthesis
•	SER – lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
•	RER – protein synthesis 
2.	Transport
3.	Storage
4.	Detoxification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

specialized for protein secretion - synthesizes and segregates proteins not destined for cytosol - initial glycosylation of glycoproteins - assembly of mutlichain proteins - granular, basophilic cytoplasmic surface due to the presence of polysomes

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –

not basophilic; best seen with TEM - More tubular - phospholipid synthesis - steroid synthesis - abundant in many liver cells - sequesters and releases Ca2+ (sarcoplasmic reticulum) - has enzymes for lipid and glycogen metabolism

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum –

– completes posttranslational modifications of proteins synthesized in the RER -packages and addresses these proteins to proper destinations

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi complex

GA is named after

-named after Camillo Golgi

originated as condensing vesicles in GA -found in cells that store a product until its release by exocytosis is signaled by a metabolic, hormonal or neural message

Secretory granules –

secretory granules with dense contents of digestive enzymes

Zymogen granules –

– sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components

Lysosomes

-membrane-limited vesicles that contain about 40 different hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosomes

- abundant in cells with great phagocytic activity | - also function for autophagy

Lysosomes

type of lysosome – emerge from GA -contain inactive acid hydrolases specific for degrading a wide variety of cellular macromolecules

Primary Lysosomes

type of lysosome more heterogenous lysosomes, having fused with vesicles produced by endocytosis that contain material to be digested by hydrolytic enzymes

Secondary lysosomes –

removal of excess or nonfunctional organelles and other cytoplasmic structures

Autophagy –

very small abundant protein complexes not associated with membrane - degrade denatured or nonfunctional polypeptides - remove proteins no longer needed by the cell

Proteasomes –

– membrane-enclosed, elongated organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP

Mitochondria

-cells which have high-energy metabolism have ____________mitochondria

abundant

2 membranes of mitochondria

outer and inner

membrane of mitochondria | porous; encloses the intermembrane space

outer

membrane of mitochondria many folds or cristae; encloses a gel-like matrix -include enzyme assemblies of the electron-transport system and ATP synthase

Inner membrane –

spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide

Peroxisomes –

– complex array of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Cytoskeleton

semirigid tubular structures with walls composed of polymerized tubulin heterodimers - structure is often very dynamic - important in maintaining cell shape and as tracks for transport of vesicles and organelles

Microtubules –

– directs polymerization of tubulins | -contain tubulin assemblies that act as nucleating sites for polymerization

Microtubule organizing centers

dominant MTOC in most somatic cells; organized around centrioles (9+3)

Centrosome

motor proteins that bind and move along actin filaments

Myosins –

the most stable cytoskeletal component, conferring strong mechanical stability to cells

intermediate filaments –

Small membrane-bound sac Transports or stores materials within cells Pinch off from GA and move to the cell surface

Secretory vesicles

Membrane bound vesicles formed from the GA | Contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellulat digestive system

Lysosomes

Consists of proteins that support the cell Hold organelles in place Enable cell to change shape

Cytoskeletob

Hollow structures formed fron protein subunits Help support cell cytoplasm Assist in cell division Form components of cilia and flagella

Microtubules

Small fibrils from protein subunts that structurally support cytoplasm Some are involved with cell movement

Microfilaments

Fibrila formed from protein subunits Smaller than microtubules larger than microfilaments Provide mechanical support

Intermediate filament

Specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus | Where microtubule formation occurs

Centrosome

Energy using proteins that interact with cytoskeletal elements to move cell parts or the whole cell

Motor proteins

Microtubular config of cilia

9+3

Microtubular config of flagella

9+2

Intermediate filament proteins with particular biological, histological or pathological importance

Keratin Vimentin Lamins Neurofilament

Specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus | Where microtubule formation occurs

Centrosome

Fibrila formed from protein subunits Smaller than microtubules larger than microfilaments Provide mechanical support

Intermediate filament

Small fibrils from protein subunts that structurally support cytoplasm Some are involved with cell movement

Microfilaments

Hollow structures formed fron protein subunits Help support cell cytoplasm Assist in cell division Form components of cilia and flagella

Microtubules

Consists of proteins that support the cell Hold organelles in place Enable cell to change shape

Cytoskeletob

Membrane bound vesicles formed from the GA | Contain a variety of enzymes that function as intracellulat digestive system

Lysosomes

Small membrane-bound sac Transports or stores materials within cells Pinch off from GA and move to the cell surface

Secretory vesicles

have little or no metabolic activity but contain accumulated metabolites or other substances not enclosed by membrane -primarily storage sites

Cytoplasmic inclusions –

CELLS - HISTO LEC Flashcards

(68 cards)