Hormonal comms

Question 1

What is a protein/peptide/ non-steroid hormone
+E.g

Answer 1

E.g(adrenaline or Noradrenaline)
These are hormones not soluble in the phospholipid membrane and do not enter the cell. They bind to receptors on the membrane and stim the release of a secondary messenger inside

Question 2

What is a steroid hormone?
+E.g

Answer 2

E.g(Oestrogen and test)
re able to pass through membrane and enter the cell.
Have direct effect on nucleus and DNA

Question 3

Please explain the process of NON-Steroid hormone action
(3)

Answer 3

1) Non-steroid hormone/1st messenger binds to a receptor on the membrane activating G-protein
2)The active G-protein activates Adenyl Cyclase
3)Adenyl cyclase convers ATP to the 2nd messenger cAMP which stims an enzyme cascade reaction

Question 4

please explain the process of Steroid-Hormone(S.H) action
(3)

Answer 4

1)S.H pass through the membrane of the target cell and bind to specific receptor in the cytoplasm
2)The S.H-receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to a receptor on the chromosomal mats
3)The Binding stims production of mRNA to code for proteins

Question 5

What does the Adrenal glands consist of?

Answer 5

The adrenal Cortex and the Medulla

Question 6

What does the Cortex Release?
and their functions?
ACA
balnce reg horny

Answer 6

Steroid hormones and
Aldosterone - balances ions and water conc to maintain blood pressure
Cortisol - Regulates metabolism
Androgens - reproduction hormones Oest and Test

Question 7

What does the adrenal medulla release?
Mango

Answer 7

Non-steroid hormones like adrenalin and noradrenaline - causes increase in Stroke vol, dilatates pupils, inhibits gut action

Question 8

What is the main hormone that the PANCREAS secretes?

Answer 8

INSULIN

Question 9

What are the islets of Langerhans? - What cells does it have?

Answer 9

They are what’s responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
Beta cells - secrete insulin

Question 10

How does the Beta cell secrete insulin? K+ and Ca2+ causes dip
(4) C

Answer 10

• Cell membrane has K+ and Ca2+ channels
  1)K+ channels are open to release K+
  2) When blood glucose leveles re low Glucose moves into the beta cell to be metabolised to ATP
  3)This ATP closes the K+ channels causing bulid up of K+ (pot diff? membrane less -)
  4)Pot diff causes Ca2+ channels to open and flood in which causes vesicles with insulin to fuze w membrane and exocytosis

Question 11

What is type 1 diabetes and its treatments? Sid

Answer 11

Thought to be autoimune its where your beta cells cant produce insulin
Insulin injections/pump or islets cell transplant

Question 12

What is type 2 diabetes and its treatments?

Answer 12

Can produce insulin but insufficient
Excerise+Diet+life style changes

Question 13

What is the definition for a hormone?(3)

Answer 13

A chemical messenger
produced in one area but has effect on another area
on a target cell with long lasting affects