Hormone Regulation - Female

Question 1

FSH

Answer 1

stimulates growth and maturation of follicles within follicles
secretes oestrogen

Question 2

LH

Answer 2

induces ovulation, transforms ruptured follicles into corpus luteum - produces progesterone

Question 3

what happens during childhood

Answer 3

small amount of oestrogen is secreted, hypothalamus is very sensitive to oestrogen
prevent the release of GnRH

Question 4

what happens at puberty

Answer 4

hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to oestrogen releases GnRH which acts on the pituitary gland causing the secretion of LH&FSH

Question 4

what induce menarche

Answer 4

FSH & LH

Question 5

what does high oestrogen cause

Answer 5

during puberty it causes physical and physiological changes, the reproductive organs begin to support pregnancy
causes the epiphyses in the long bones to fuse

Question 6

what might delay menarche

Answer 6

extreme activities, low body fat
blocks hypothalamic activity - responsible for converting adrenal androgens to oestrogen
persistent blocking can cause low oestrogen level which causes loss of bone and osteoporosis

Question 7

what is menopause

Answer 7

a year without a period

Question 8

what happens to the oestrogen at menopause

Answer 8

the ovarian oestrogen function continues for a while but the ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs

Question 9

what happens as oestrogen is lost

Answer 9

pubis hair is lost
breast and repro organs begin to atrophy

Question 10

ovarian cycle

Answer 10

series of events associated with the maturation of ovum

Question 11

uterine cycle

Answer 11

series of events in which the endometrium undergoes each month, in response to ovarian hormones

Question 12

what is gestation

Answer 12

time of prenatal development

Question 13

what does oestrogen induce

Answer 13

growth and development of breasts
increased deposits of sebaceous glands
widening of pelvis
growth of auxiliary and pubic hair

Question 14

(O)esterone

Answer 14

androgenic precursors are converted by aromatase into esterone by adipose cells

AROMATASE = produce by adipose tissue

Question 15

(O)estrdiol

Answer 15

in reproductive years

Question 16

(o)estriol

Answer 16

during pregnancy

Question 17

important roles of oestrogen

Answer 17

maintains low levels of cholesterol
facilitating Ca uptake: helps sustain bone density
memory and libido
maintain skin and anti aging

Question 18

lack of oestrogen

Answer 18

gradual thinning of skin
irritability and mood swings
loss of bone mass
risk of depression
memory function is impaired
intense vasodilation of skin blood vessels causing hot flushes
rising blood cholesterol
post menopausal women at higher risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 19

menstrual phase

Answer 19

ovum is not fertilised, CL degenerates
if fertilised hCG would support this
PR + OE falls causing the menstruation to shed
flow consists of secretion from the endometrial cells, blood from degenerating capillaries and unfertilised ovum

Question 20

proliferative phase

Answer 20

ovarian follicle is stimulated by FSH, becomes mature producing OE which stimulates the proliferation of endometrium functional layer, ready for the fertilised ovum
endometrium thickens, becoming more vascular and rich in mucus secreting glands
high levels of OE causes an increase in LH levels causing ovulation

Question 21

secretion phase

Answer 21

after ovulation
LH from the ant pituitary gland stimulates the growth of the CL, producing progesterone, some OE and some ibhibin
PR causes the endometrium to become oedematous, mucus is secreted which aids the passage of sperm through the uterus to the UT
OE + PR + inhibin suppresses the hypothalamus after ovulation and the pituitary so LH & FSH fall
low FSH prevents further follicles from developing, if there is no fertilisation, the falling LH causes the CL to degenerate
A steady decrease of these hormones causes the uterine lining to degenerate, initates a new cycle

Question 22

what happens if a ovum is fertilised

Answer 22

hCG keeps the CL in tact, allowing PR + OE to be produced, inhibiting maturation of other follicle

Question 23

1st trimester

Answer 23

embryonic and early foetal development
rapid cell division, embryo is formed and cell mass is organised into three germ layers:
outer ectoderm: skin and nervous tissue
middle ectoderm: connective tissue
inner ectoderm: epithelium + digestuve system

Question 24

2nd trimester

Answer 24

development of organs and systems

Question 25

3rd trimester

Answer 25

major organs and systems fully functional

Question 26

what determines whether or not RT is given

Answer 26

diagnosis, type, stage, trimester
not recommended in first trimester, should delay to late 2nd or early 3rd trimester if possible