Digestive System

Question 1

adventitia (outer)

Answer 1

organs covered by a serous membrane- peritoneum

Question 2

what is the peritoneum

Answer 2

largest serous membrane which has a double layer closed sad which contains serous fluid, it has a rich supply of blood vessels and lymph vessels. Invaginated arrangement, so pushes below, behind and above

Question 3

role of peritoneum

Answer 3

barrier against local infection
serous fluid prevents friction, this is secreted by periteal cells

Question 4

describe the peritoneum in males and females

Answer 4

cavity is closed in males
females the uterine tubes opens into, with the ovaries being the only thing within

Question 5

where about the pelvic organs covered

Answer 5

ONLY superiorly

Question 6

describe the stomach and intestine regarding the peritoneum

Answer 6

they are almost entirely covered, which have a double fold (mesentry) which attaches to the post wall, this extends to the greater curvature of the stomach

Question 7

greater omentum

Answer 7

stores fat for insulation and energy

Question 8

retroperitoneal

Answer 8

only covered on the anterior surface
pancreas, spleen, adrenal gland and kidneys

Question 9

what organ is nearly entirely covered

Answer 9

liver, attaches to the inf surface of the diaphragm

Question 10

what is found in the peritoneum

Answer 10

main blood vessels and nerves pass close to the posterior abdominal wall, which send impulses to organs between the peritoneal folds

Question 11

secretion

Answer 11

substances secretes into the canal where they pass from the ducts to the tracts

Question 12

visceral

Answer 12

covers organs within abdominal and pelvic cavities

Question 13

parietal

Answer 13

lines the abdominal wall

Question 14

peritoneum function

Answer 14

supports abdominal organs in cavity
pathway of vessels and lymph to pass to and from organs
protection against inflammation through LN
fat store

Question 15

retroperitoneal organs

Answer 15

duodenum
kidney
ureters
IVC
rectum
adrenal gland
pancreas (not tail)
oesophagus

Question 16

intraperitoneal

Answer 16

fully enclosed by the peritoneum extends to the posterior wall of sac remains tethered to the posterior wall by the double fold - lack movement

Question 17

digestion

Answer 17

release its constituents: AA, minerals, salts, fats and vitamins
enzymes are secreted by specialised glands inside and out of the canal

Question 18

ingestion

Answer 18

consumption of food at the alimentary canal

Question 19

absorption

Answer 19

digested food which travels and passes into the blood and lymph capillaries for circulation and for body cells
nutrients can manufacture new cells, hormones and enzymes

Question 20

elimination

Answer 20

removal of undigested food, defecation

Question 21

ascites

Answer 21

build up of serous fluid in cavity

Question 22

lesser omentum

Answer 22

stomach and 1st part of duodenum, suspended by the lower surface of the Uber by a double fold of peritoneum

Question 23

greater omentum role

Answer 23

gastrointestinal -immunity
minimising spread of intraperiotneal infections hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach in front of abdominal organs

Question 24

transverse mesocolon

Answer 24

two peritoneum layers cover the transverse colon, passing to the posterior abdominal wall, holds the colon in place

Question 25

SI mesentry

Answer 25

arises from the mesentry root, the fold fans out to be attached to the SI, which has high blood supply, venous drainage and lymphatics

Question 26

muscle layer

Answer 26

two layers outer layer: longitudinal inner: circular fibres between the two are fibres, nerves and blood vessels mesenteric plexus, supplies the smooth muscle and the blood vessels

Question 27

what is peristalsis under the influence of

Answer 27

para and sympathetic vessels

Question 28

mucosa

Answer 28

1. mucous membrane: columnar epithelium: protection, secretion, absorption 2. lamina propria: loose connective tissue which supports blood vessels fro nourishments and protection against microbes due to lymphoid tissue 3. muscular mucosa: outer layer of smooth muscle

Question 29

sub mucosa

Answer 29

loose areolar connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres which binds to the muscular layer if the mucosa. the vessels have varying amounts of lymphoid tissue the nerve plexus is the submucosal plexus which contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Question 30

what is found in wear and tear regions

Answer 30

layer of stratified epithelium with mucus secreting glands

Question 31

where is columnar epithelium found

Answer 31

areas of secretion and absorption with goblet cells interspersed, mucus lubricates the wall providing a barrier against enzymes

Question 32

why is there lymphoid tissue under epithelium

Answer 32

to aid protection due to the digestive juices containing enzymes which cause chemical digestion

Question 33

stomach digestion time

Answer 33

4-6 hours

Question 34

SI digestion time

Answer 34

5-6

Question 35

large intestine

Answer 35

12-24 hours

Question 36

parasympathetic

Answer 36

one pair of cranial nerves, the vagus nerves supplies most of the canal and accessory organs. Sacral nerves supply most of the distal parts of the tract

Question 37

parasympathetic effects

Answer 37

increased muscular activity, peristalsis through increased activity in the myenteric plexus

Question 38

sympathetic

Answer 38

provided by numerous nerves which emerge from the spinal cord. these form the ganglia in the thorax, pelvis and abdomen, which pass through into organs in the alimentary tract

Question 39

sympathetic stimulation

Answer 39

decrease in muscular activity, peristalsis will decrease decrease in glandular secretion less stimulation from submucosal plexus

Question 40

what happens if the lining is damaged

Answer 40

absorption is less efficient so nutrients can't be absorbed = loss of weight

Question 41

functions in lower GI

Answer 41

ingestion: maximises contact with surfaces digestion: mechanical and chemical (mechanical: large molecules are hydrolysed to small ones so can be absorbed) absorption and metabolism: nutrients pass into the bloodstream storage and excretion: undigested and unabsorbed defence: non specific, prevent against infection