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Pelvis and Abdomen A&P > Liver > Flashcards

Liver Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

regions

A

right hypochondriac, epigastric and left hypochondriac

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2
Q

where does the base lie

A

at the right costal margin, apex of the wedge extends into the left hyporchondrium

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3
Q

superior and inferior

A

diaphragm and ant abdominal wall

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4
Q

posterior

A

IVC, aorta, GB, vertebral column, diaphragm and oesophagus

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5
Q

lateral

A

lower ribs and diaphragm

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6
Q

inferior

A

stomach, bile ducts, duodenum, hepatic flexure of the colon, right kidney and adrenal gland

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7
Q

impressions

A

colic: hepatic flexure of the colon
tuber: lesser curvature of stomach
gastric
renal: right kidney
duodenal

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8
Q

what are the types of ligaments

A

falciform
round
coronary
triangular

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9
Q

ligaments role

A

anchors liver to diaphragm

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10
Q

falciform

A

fold from the peritoneum which extends from the liver to the diaphragm to the anterior abdominal wall, other small fold extend to the superior and posterior surfaces of the liver to diaphragm

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11
Q

round

A

hangs below the falciform ligament, below the liver and runs towards the umbilicus

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12
Q

coronary

A

attaches liver to diaphragm

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13
Q

triangular

A

attaches liver to the diaphragm laterally

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14
Q

portal fissure

A

region on the posterior surface where several structures enter and exit the gland, portal vein enters carrying blood from the stomach, spleen, pancreas, SI and LI
hepatic artery enters carrying arterial blood
branch from the coeliac artery which branches from the abdominal aorta

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15
Q

porta heaptis

A

lies on the inf surface between the quadrate anteriorly and caudate posteriorly
portal vein, hepatic artery and neves enter the L & R hepatic ducts , lymph vessels leave the liver
bile leaves to go to the GB via the hepatic ducts

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16
Q

where does the lymph drain into

A

abdominal and thoracic nodes

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17
Q

four lobes:

A

right
left
quadrate (subdivision of the right)
caudate (subdivision of the left)

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18
Q

anterior

A

filiform ligament separates left and right
teres ligament holds the round ligament

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19
Q

superior

A

upper portion

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20
Q

inferior

A

lower edge

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21
Q

visceral

A

slopes from the posterior border to the tip of the anterior border

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22
Q

peritoneum of the liver

A

enclosed by a thin fibrous capsule and is an retroperitoneal organ
folds of the peritoneum form ligaments which support and hold the liver in place, attaching to the inferior surface of the diaphragm

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23
Q

weight and size

A

1.4kg and 20cm long

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24
Q

where does it lie

A

below the diaphragm to the right and overlaps part of the stomach

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25
what type of blood supply does it have
double
26
describe the arterial supply
heart -> aorta -> coeliac trunk -> common hepatic artery (25%) nutrient rich venous blood is brought to the liver from the GI tract from the portal vein (75%)
27
venous supply
posterior surface into the IVC from the hepatic veins
28
where does anterior lymph drainage go
hepatic lymph nodes at the hilum -> coeliac nodes -> cisterns chyli -> thoracic duct
29
where does posterior lymph drainage go
drains into the phrenic and posterior mediastinal nodes -> right lymphatic and thoracic duct
30
describe the nerve supply in the parenchyma
innervated by the hepatic plexus containing - sympathetic coeliac plexus - parasympathetic vagus nerve fibres enter at the portages hepatis and follow the path of the hepatic artery and portal vein
31
describe the structure of the lobules
many make up the lobes composed of hepatocytes which are lined up in rows columns of cuboidal epithelium which contain glycogen and fat consist of sheets of hepatic cells which single layer hexagonal arrangements, these are stacked on each other, but are separated by sinusoids small blood vessels diffuse oxygen and nutrients across into the capillaries
32
what is the role of the hepatocytes
remove substances and metabolise them
33
what is the central vein
it is found in the centre of the lobule which is the tributary for the hepatic vein
34
blood sinusoids
have a wider diameter than capillaries lined with endothelial cells forming part of the recticoendothelial system lined with knupffer cells which are specialised macrophages
35
what does the portal canal contain a branch of
hepatic artery portal vein (deoxygenated blood from organs) hepatic duct
36
describe the blood flow from the hepatic artery and portal vein
enters the blood sinusoids, passing between the cells to reach the central vein and back into the venous system. blood drains from the sinusoids into the central vein which merges with veins from other lobules forming larger veins which form the hepatic vein which leave the liver into the IVC
37
what is the reticuloendothelial system
protective system knuppfer cells ingest and destroy worn out blood cells and any foreign particles present in the blood. phagocytosis (rate depends on the blood flow and cell function)
38
what do hepatocytes secrete
bile
39
bile canalicular
run between the columns of the hepatocytes, each column has a blood sinusoid on one side and a bile canniulus on the other these join yo form large bile canals, forming the right and left hepatic ducts which drain bile from the liver which lies in the portal canal
40
what is found in each lobule
lymphoid tissue and a lymphatic network
41
what are the functions of the liver
heat production bile production storage of vitamin A and D Fe storage formation of plasma proteins formation of antibodies deamination of AA transamination storage of anti-anaemic factor formation of prothrombin and fibrinogen formation of heparin carb metabolism breakdown of erythrocytes and defence bile production and excretion inactivation of hormones fat metabolism detoxification of drugs and toxic substances
42
formation of plasma proteins
AA-> protein absorbed in intestine
43
transamination
nitrogenous portion attaches to another carb forming a new molecule/ non essential AA
44
storage of anti-anaemic factor
vitamin 12 is absorbed from the stomach and stored until the liver needs it
45
iron storage
absorbed in the intestine released by Hb breakdown
46
formation of prothrombin and fibrinogen
needed in blood clotting
47
heparin
prevents intravascular clotting in the body
48
formation of antibodies
recticoendothelial cells involved in the production
49
carb metabolism
maintain plasma glucose levels when levels are high glucose is converted to glycogen for storage under the influence of insulin when levels are low glucagon converts glycogen into glucose
50
bile production and excretion
hepatocytes synthesis the contents of bile from mixed arterial and venous blood in the sinusoids
51
inactivation of which hormones
cortisol sex hormones aldostrone insulin glucagon thyroid
52
detoxification of drugs and toxic substances
ethanol, waste and microbial toxins are metabolised so once it leaves the liver it is at an inadequate level to achieve therapeutic effects
53
what colours faeces
stereobilin, small amounts are reabsorbed and excreted in the urone as urinobilinogen
54
what causes jaundice
excess of bilirubin
55
what is a product of Hb breakdown
bile pigments
56
what does bile facilitate
absorption of fatty acids, glycerol and fat soluble vitamins
57
what happens when the sphincter of Oddi is shut
bile accumulates, removal of water concentrates bile
58
where does bile flow
down from the hepatic ducts to the common bile duct
59
functions of bile
fat digestion: bile acid is synthesised by hepatocytes from cholesterol then secreted into bile as Na and K bile salts make cholesterol and fatty acids more soluble excretion of bilirubin: product of haemolysis of erthyrocytes by hepatic macrophages in the live insoluble in water so it is blood bound to albumin it is conjugates with glucronic acid, becoming water soluble so can be excreted in bile
60
enterohepatic circulation
large amount of bile salts water the SI from a small bile acid pool
61
what is bilirubin converted into
stereorubin

Pelvis and Abdomen A&P (12 decks)

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