Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pelvis and Abdomen A&P > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

consists of

A

spermatic cords
seminal vesicles
ductal deferens
ejaculatory ducts
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
epipydymides
2 testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the scrotum

A

pouch of pigmented skin, fibrous, connective tissue and smooth muscle
divided into two compartments each holding one testicle, one epdidymis and one end of the testicular spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does it lie

A

below the pubis symphysis
infront of the upper part of the thigh and behind the penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the testes

A

male repro organ
suspended by the scrotum by the spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the three layers of tissue in the scrotum

A

tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea
tunica vasculosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

double layer membrane which forms the testes outer covering
down growth of the abdominal and pelvic peritoneum
in foetal development the testes begins at the lumbar region in the abdominal cavity which then descends into the scrotum, taking the peritoneum, blood vessels, lymph vessels and different duct with them
it eventually becomes detached from the abdominal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous covering, middle layer extends inwards forming septa
divides the glandular structure into lobules (200-300)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tunica vasculosa

A

inner layer of capillaries supported by connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

dartos muscle

A

found in the scrotum dermis, contraction causes the scrotum skin to wrinkle, raising the scrotum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cremaster muscle

A

layer of skeletal muscle, which moves the testes away or towards the body to maintain optimum temperature of spermogeneis - cremaster reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

seminiferous tubule

A

1-4 lobules of germinal epithelial cells, composed of spermatogonia and sterols cells, cells of leydig surround the tubules (secrete testosterone). At the upper pole of the testis, the tubules combine to form a single tubule, thus us repeatedly folding and tightly packed forming the epididymis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the epididymis leave the scrotum as

A

deferent duct in the spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what pass to the testes via the spermatic cord

A

blood and lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

spermatic cord

A

suspends the testes in the scrotum
each cord: testicular artery. testicular vein, lymphatics, deferent duct and testicular nerves
covered by a sheath of smooth muscle, connective and fibrous tissue which extends through the inguinal canal and it attached to the testes at the posterior wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what could happen if there is a left testicular tumour

A

cause an expansion in the left testicular even which can impact the left kidney due to drainage issues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

arterial supply

A

testicular artery branches from AA just below the renal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

venous drainage

A

testicular vein -> abdominal cavity
left vein opens into the left renal vein
right vein opens into the IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

lymphatics

A

LN around the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nerve supply

A

branches from T10/T11 nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

functions of male repro

A

production, maturation and storage of spermatozoa
delivery of spermatozoa in semen into the female urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

<0.5Gy effect on the testes

A

oligiospermia (low sperm count)
can occur 1-4 years after radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

0.5-2Gy effect on testes

A

azopsermia (complete loss of sperm count) can return to normal after around 3.5 years
shouldn’t try for a baby for at least 18 months as risk of genetic damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

> 2.5Gy

A

sterility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the indirect damage to the testes

A

RT to the brain (pituitary gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

are cells of leydig radioresistant or radiosensitive

A

radioresistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

deferent duct

A

passes up from the tests through the inguinal canal and ascends medially towards the post wall of the bladder, at the end of the lower region each SV opens into a short duct which joins the deferent duct to form the ejaculatory duct

27
Q

SV

A

two small fibromusclar pouches lined with columnar epithelium, lying post bladder
contract and expel seminal fluid in ejaculation
seminal fluid forms 60% of the volume of semen, is alkaline to protect the sperm in the acidic environment of the vagina
contains fructose for fuel

28
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

two tubes, each formed by the union of the duct from a SV and deferent duct
pass through the prostate gland, joining the urethra carrying seminal fluid and sperm to the urethra
composed of the same layers as SV

29
Q

prostate gland

A

lies infront of the rectum and behind the pubis symphysis
completely surrounded by the urethra as it emerges from the bladder
outer fibrous covering, enclosing glandular tissue wrapped in smooth muscle
secretes a thin milky fluid which makes up 30% of fluid in the semen
contains a clotting enzyme which thickens the semen in the vagina, increasing the likelihood of it being retained close to the cervix

30
Q

two functions of the testes

A

production of testosterone
spermatogenesis

31
Q

production of testosterone

A

stimulates testicular descent prior birth
regulates spermatogenesis
maintains males accessory organs
maintains and develops secondary sex characteristics
stimulates sexual behaviours and drive

32
Q

spermatogenesis

A

directly stimulated by testosterone
indirectly stimulated by FSH

begins in the spermatogonia (SC) in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubules
in the mucosa one daughter cell remains undifferentiated at the basement membrane whilst the other (primary spermatocyte) is pushes towards the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
in meiosis I, DNA replication occurs, chromosomes seek their match and join forming a single chromosome with two copies of DNA, At the end of the division the two secondary spermatocytes will have 23 chromosomes but 2 DNA copies
in meiosis II chromosomes split forming 4 daughter cells = spermatids each with 23 chromosomes
spermatids mature to become spermatozoa this occurs in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells

33
Q

spermiation

A

detachment of sperm from the Sertoli cells, which release into the lumen of seminiferous tubules

34
Q

three parts of the urethra

A

prostatic
membranous
penile

35
Q

prostatic urethra

A

originates from the urethral orifice of the bladder and passes through the prostate gland

36
Q

membranous urethra

A

shortest and narrowest part of the urethra, extends from the prostate gland to the bulb, passes through the penile membrane

37
Q

penile urethra

A

lies within the corpus spongiosum and terminates at the external urethral orifice in the glans

38
Q

internal sphincter

A

a ring of smooth muscle at the neck of the bladder, prostate gland sits below this

39
Q

external sphincter

A

ring of skeletal muscle surrounding the membranous part

40
Q

what is ejaculation

A

sperm is expelled from the epididymus and passes through the deferent duct, ejaculatory duct and the urethra. contractions of the smooth muscle (deferent duct) propels semen
contractions are under sympathetic stimulation
SV walls and prostate gland also contract adding their contents to the fluid passing though the genitile ducts
causes semene to travel out of the external urethral orifice sphincter

41
Q

what ph is semen

A

slightly alkaline to neutralise the acidic environment within the vagina

42
Q

what happens if the sperm isn’t ejaculated

A

sperm dies and reabsorbed by the epididymis

43
Q

lymphatics of the skin and prepuce

A

superficial inguinal
presentation: fumigating inguinal node, broken through the skin surface

44
Q

gland and corpora lymphatics

A

deep inguinal node into external iliac

45
Q

three sections of the penis

A

root, shaft and glans

46
Q

root

A

anchors the penis to the perineum

47
Q

shaft

A

externally visible part, which is movable
formed of three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue and smooth muscle
erectile tissue is supported by fibrous tissue covered with skin and has a rich blood supply

48
Q

how many columns does the CC have

A

two

49
Q

how many columns does the CS have

A

one
which lies in between the two columns of CC which contains the urethra

50
Q

glans

A

tip which is expanded into a triangular structure
extending part of the CC, semen and urine will leave the external urethral orifice
smegma is secreted within the foreskin, if not cleaned properly this can build up and could lead to a potential penile tumour

51
Q

foreskin

A

found just above the glans , skin is folded upon itself, forming a movable double layer

52
Q

arterial blood flow of penis

A

deep, dorsal and bulbar arteries which are branches from the internal pudenal arteries

53
Q

venous drainage of the penis

A

blood is drained to the internal pudenal and internal iliac veins which join to external iliac vein forming the common iliac into the IVC

54
Q

parasympathetic of penis

A

filling of blood of the spongy erectile tissue, cause arteriolar dilation and venoconstriction, increasing blood flow into the penis and obstructs outflow
penis becomes engorged and erects

blood vessels dilate, diameter of lumen increases, increasing blood flow into CC. erectile tissue becomes engorged with arterial blood which compresses on the vein maintaining the erection. The CS keeps the urethra open for semen to leave the penis. once it reaches a critical level, stimulation switches to sympathetic

55
Q

sympathetic stimulation of penis

A

causes sphincter muscles to contract closing the bladder preventing the reflux of semen. Reproductive ducts contract forcing semen out into the urethra, end point is when the bulbospongious muscles contract forcing the expulsion of semen

56
Q

corpus cavernosa

A

forms wing like structures which attaches the penis to the ischium
central artery runs through the centre of the column

57
Q

corpus spongiosum

A

extended portion of the penile bulb, keeps the urethra open during ejaculation
extends upwards into the body and distally forming the glans

58
Q

prostate relations

A

inf: urinary bladder
rectum sits behind the SV, SV may be included within the TV

59
Q

prostatic fluid

A

citric acid: sperm can produce ATP
prostatic enzymes: PSA, pepsinogen, amylase, breaks down clotting proteins released by SV’s
seminal plasmin: antibiotic which prevents UTI
acid phosphate: unknown function

secreted by the prostate, enters the urethra by contractions
helps maintain sperm through semen

60
Q

prostate structure

A

true capsule = fibrous lining
false capsule = lies beneath the truth capsule, layer of connective tissue
between the layers are a venous plexus, which drains blood into veins found in the L-spine
mets in L spine are common as blood drains directly into overlaying parts
muscular layer = lots of glandular tissue
peripheral zone is larger in young men which atrophies over time

61
Q

benign prostatic hypertrophy

A

compresses prostatic urethra, causing urinary dysfunction
consequence of inflammation or prostatis in the UB or prostate, or due to catherisation

62
Q

BPH symptoms

A

nocturne, urgency

63
Q

psa levels

A

<4ng/ml = normal
>10ng/ml = prostate cancer

64
Q

what might be offered regarding PSA as a treatment

A

AS, with routine blood tests

Pelvis and Abdomen A&P (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions