Pancreas

Question 1

anterior

Answer 1

stomach, transverse mesocolon, superior mesenteric artery

Question 2

posterior

Answer 2

left kidney
left adrenal gland
AA
IVC
L&R renal veins
R renal artery
sup mesenteric vessels
splenic vein
hepatic portal vein

Question 3

superior

Answer 3

splenic artery, stomach

Question 4

inferior

Answer 4

SI
jejunum
transverse colon

Question 5

right

Answer 5

duodenum curve

Question 6

left

Answer 6

spleen

Question 7

two roles

Answer 7

endocrine
exocrine

Question 8

endocrine

Answer 8

1%
specialised cells: cells of langerhans, pancreatic islets are found distributed

Question 9

do the islets have ducts

Answer 9

no
hormones diffuse directly into the blood

Question 10

what hormones regulate glucose blood levels

Answer 10

glucagon and insulin

Question 11

exocrine

Answer 11

99%
large number of lobules make up acini
walls are composed of acinar cells (secretory cells)

Question 12

acinar cells

Answer 12

secrete pancreatic juice
each lobular is drained by a tiny duct which unites to form the pancreatic duct, extending and opening into the duodenum
before entering the duodenum, the pancreatic duct joins with the common bile duct to form the hepatic-pancreatic ampulla

Question 13

what is the duodenal ampulla controlled by

Answer 13

hepatic-pancreatic sphincter

Question 14

exocrine function

Answer 14

produce pancreatic juice which contains enzymes, inactive precursors

Question 15

what does parasympathetic stimulation do

Answer 15

increase secretion

Question 16

what does gastrin do

Answer 16

boost pancreatic juice production

Question 17

what are the parts of the pancreas

Answer 17

head
body
tail

Question 18

body

Answer 18

opens into the duodenum along with the common bile duct
orifice of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct is surrounded by the sphincter of Oddi
lies across the abdomen

Question 19

what parts of retroperitoneal

Answer 19

head and body

Question 20

tail

Answer 20

lies across the left kidney, in contact with the spleen

Question 21

head

Answer 21

lies across the curve of the duodenum

Question 22

location

Answer 22

epigastric
left hypochrium

Question 23

where does it lie

Answer 23

across the posterior abdominal wall
extends transversely across the post abdominal wall from the duodenum to the spleen

Question 24

at what level

Answer 24

approx L1/L2

Question 25

what feeds into the ampulla of Vater

Answer 25

pancreatic duct and bile duct compression causes jaundice

Question 26

what are the four types of islets

Answer 26

alpha beta delta G-cells

Question 27

alpha:

Answer 27

glucagon is secreted when glucose levels are too low breaks down glycogen into glucose gluconeogenesis is activated: AA-> glucose

Question 28

beta:

Answer 28

insulin is secreted when glucose levels are too high it metabolises carbohydrates takes up glucose and stored it is glycogen promotes lipid and protein synthesis

Question 29

what does insulin and glucagon help with

Answer 29

transfer of carb reserves from the liver to active tissues, maintaining a constant blow sugar level minimising osmotic fluctuations lack of insulin deprives the cells which can lead to diabetes mellitus

Question 30

delta

Answer 30

secretion of stomatostatin is a growth inhibiting factor which inhibits the release of hormones: insulin, glucagon, gastrin and pancreatic enzymes which aid digestion gastric secretion is reduced by the stimulation of eating

Question 31

G-cells

Answer 31

gastrin is produced in the lining of the stomach, and upper SI and pancreas released into circulation gastrin stimulates the release of gastric acid from the stomach (HCl)

Question 32

secretin

Answer 32

stimulates pancreatic juice slowing stomach emptying

Question 33

CCK

Answer 33

acts of the GB and pancreas stimulating PJ and bile

Question 34

blood supply

Answer 34

heart -> aorta -> thoracic aorta -> AA -> coeliac artery arteries: splenic right gastric artery superior mesenteric veins: splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein -> portal vein

Question 35

nerve supply

Answer 35

coeliac ganglion, greater and lesser splanchnic nerve: suppresses PJ secretion vagus nerve: increases secretion

Question 36

lymphatics

Answer 36

larger interlobular lymphatics are formed by the junction of their tributaries, which travel with the blood vessels and move towards the ring of nodes which surround the pancreas pancreatico splenic + pyloric nodes -> superior mesenteric and coeliac nodes -> thoracic duct

Question 37

what does lymph drainage involve

Answer 37

aorta at the coeliac trunk to the superior mesenteric artery lymph is received directly from the pancreas or by the nodes which ring the organ

Question 38

purpose of lymphatic drainage

Answer 38

remove excess interstitial fluid, if overwhelmed exocrine secretions in the IF build up and proteolytic enzymes damage the tissues

Question 39

what does increased oedema lead to

Answer 39

accentuates the inability to drain fluid -> further damage -> fibrosis and stricture -> chronic and recurrent pancreatitis