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HP - MNEMONICS Flashcards

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1
Q

Fixation: Example of ADDITIVES

A

“FOM”

✓Formaldehyde

✓Osmium tetroxide

✓Mercuric chloride

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2
Q

FIXATION: Example of Non-Additive

A

✓Alcoholic fixative

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3
Q

Fixation: What are the PHYSICAL mtds of fixation?

A

“MHC”

✓microwaving

✓heating

✓cryopreservation

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4
Q

Fixation: what are the CHEMICAL mtds for fixation?

A

“VPI”

✓vapor form

✓perfusion

✓immersion

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5
Q

Fixatives: According to COMPOSITION?

A

✓Simple

✓Compound

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6
Q

Fixatives: According to ACTION?

A

✓Microanatomical

✓Cytological*

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7
Q

Acc to ACTION: what are the examples of Microanatomical Fixatives?

A

10-10 H-F Z-Z B-B

✓10% formol saline

✓10% NBF

✓Heidenhains susa

✓Formol sublimate

✓Zenker’s sol’n

✓Zenker formol (helly’s/kelly’s)

✓Bouin’s sol’n

✓Brasil’s sol’n

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8
Q

Acc to ACTION: what are the examples of CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVES?

A

“NCH”

✓nuclear*

✓cytoplasmic*

✓histochemial*

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9
Q

Action:Cytological - What are the examples of NUCLEAR FIXATIVES?

A

“BFNCH”

✓Bouin’s sol’n

✓Flemming’s sol’n

✓Newcomer’s fluid

✓Carnoy’s fluid

✓Heidenhain’s susa

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10
Q

Action:Cytological - What are the examples of CYTOPLASMIC FIXATIVES?

A

c”HORFF”

✓Helly’s/Kelly’s fluid

✓Orth’s fluid

✓Regaud’s fluid

✓Flemming w/o HAc

✓Formalin w/post chroming

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11
Q

Action:Cytological - What are the examples of HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES?

A

“10F-ANA”

✓10% Formol saline

✓Absol. ethyl alch.

✓Newcomer’s

✓Acetone

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12
Q

WHAT ARE THE ROUTINE FIXATIVES?

A

“AMPAO-GAT-HM”

✓Aldehyde*

✓Metallic*

✓Picric Acid*

✓Alcoholic*

✓Osmium Tetroxide*

✓Glacial Acetic Acid

✓Acetone

✓Trichloroacetic Acid

✓Heat Fixation

✓Michel’s sol’n

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13
Q

Under ALDEHYDE FIXATIVES?

A

✓Formaldehyde

✓Glutaraldehyde

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14
Q

Aldehyde fixative: Examples of FORMALDEHYDE?

A

“10-10-CaF-ZAK-PBC”

✓10%NBF

✓10%Formol saline

✓Cal.acetate formalin

✓Formol corrosive

✓Zinc formalin

✓Alch. formalin

✓Karnovsky’s

✓Paraformaldehyde

✓Baker’s formol calcium

✓Cajal’s formol ammonium bromide

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15
Q

Under METALLIC FIXATIVES? “MCL”

A

“MCL”

✓Mercuric chloride

✓Chromate

✓Lead

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16
Q

Metallic fixative: Examples of MERCURIC CHLORIDE?

A

ZZ-CHOBS

✓Zenker’s fluid

✓Zenker’s formol

✓Carnoy-lebron

✓Heidenhain’s susa

✓Ohlmacher

✓B-5 / Lilies B5

✓Schaudinn’s

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17
Q

Metallic fixative: Examples of CHROMATE?

A

“CROP”

✓Chromic acid

✓Regaud’s fluid

✓Orth’s

✓Potassium dichromate

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18
Q

Metallic fixative: Examples of LEAD?

A

“LL”

✓Lilies

✓Lead subacetate

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19
Q

Examples of PICRIC ACID FIXATIVES?

A

“pBBHG”

✓Bouin’s sol

✓Brasils Alch.

✓Hollande’s sol

✓Gendre’s sol

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20
Q

Examples of ALCOHOLIC FIXATIVES?

A

“CEMING-FAK”

✓Carnoy’s fluid

✓Ethyl alc

✓Methyl alc

✓Isopropyl

✓Newcomer’s fluid

✓Gendre’s

✓Alc.formalin

✓Formol acetic acid

✓Clarke’s sol

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21
Q

Examples of OSMIUM TETROXIDE FIXATIVES?

A

“oFF”

✓Flemming sol

✓Flemming sol w/o Acetic acid

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22
Q

Decalcification: Decalcifying agents in GENERAL?

A

“ACIE”

✓Acids

✓Chelating agents

✓Ion exchange resin

✓Electrical Ionization/Electrophoresis

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23
Q

Decalcification: decal agents for ROUTINE?

A

✓Nitric acid

✓Formic acid

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24
Q

Acid decalcifying agents?

A

“NF-TSH-CCV”

✓Nitric acid

✓Formic acid

✓Trichloroacetic acid

✓Sulfurous acid

✓Hydrochloric/muriatic acid

✓Chromic acid

✓Citric-acid citrate

✓Von Ebner’s fluid

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25
Ex. of chelating agent?
EDTA
26
3 ways to measure extent of DECALCIFICATION
"PRC" ✓physical/mechanical ✓radiologic/x-ray ✓chemical (calcium oxalate test)
27
Decalcification: Tissue Softeners
"PM421" ✓Perenyis fluid ✓Molliflex ✓4% Phenol ✓2% HCL ✓1% HCL in 70% Alc.
28
Dehydrating agents:
"ADACTT" ✓Alcohol ✓Dioxane ✓Acetone ✓Cellusolve ✓Triethyl phosphate ✓Tetrahydrofuran
29
3 Additives added to Dehydrating agents in duly hard tissues
✓4% Phenol ✓Molliflex ✓Glycerol-Alcohol mixture
30
Commonly used Clearing Agents
"XTBC-CAC-CMT" ✓Xylene ✓Toluene ✓Benzene ✓Chloroform ✓Cedarwood oil ✓Aniline oil ✓Clove oil ✓Carbon tetrachloride ✓Methyl benzoate/methyl salicylate ✓Tetrahydrofuran
31
Methods for IMPREGNATION/INFILTRATION
"PCGP" ✓Paraffin wax ✓Celloidin wax/colloidin/cellulose nitrate/nitrocellulose ✓Gelatin ✓Plastic/Resin
32
3 ways of Parafffin wax Infiltration/Embedding
✓Manual ✓Automatic (Autotechnicon) ✓Vacuum Embedding
33
Substitutes for Paraffin wax
"PEBEC" ✓Paraplast ✓Embeddol ✓Bioloid ✓Ester wax ✓Carbowax(water sol)
34
2 methods for CELLOIDIN?
Wet and Dry
35
Embedding Molds "PLCD"
"PLCD" ✓Plastic Embedding Rings & Base mold ✓Leukhart's ✓Compound Embedding units ✓Disposable (peel aways, plastic ice trays, paper boats)
36
Plastic/Resin Embedding are classified into:
"EPA" ✓Epoxy ✓Polyesters ✓Acrylic
37
Types of Microtome
"RRFUS" ✓Rotary ✓Rocking ✓Freezing ✓Ultrathin ✓Sliding
38
Microtome Knives
"PBP" ✓Plane concave ✓Biconcave ✓Plane wedge
39
Stains for Cryostat Sections
✓Polychrome Methylene Blue (Loeffler's) ✓Alc. pinocyanol ✓Thionine ✓H&E sections
40
Frozen Sections: What are the common freezing agents?
"LICA" ✓Liquid nitrogen ✓Isopentane (liquid nitrogen) ✓CO2 ✓Aerosol sprays
41
Examples of HONES
"YACB" ✓Yellow belgian/Belgium yellow ✓Arkansas stone ✓Carborundum hones ✓Belgian black vein/Oil stones
42
Commonly used ADHESIVES
"MAP-DGGSP" ✓Mayer's egg albumin ✓APES (3-aminopropylthriethoxysilane) ✓Poly-L-Lysine ✓Dried albumin ✓1% Gelatin ✓Gelatin-Formaldehyde Mixture ✓Starch paste ✓Plasma
43
Methods of STAINING
"SDI-PRC-VIS-MM" ✓Specific staining ✓Direct staining ✓Indirect staining ✓Progressive staining ✓Regressive staining ✓Counterstaining ✓Vital staining ✓Intravital staining ✓Supravital staining ✓Metachromatic staining ✓Metallic Impregnation
44
Classifications of Staining
"HHI" ✓Histological ✓Histochemical ✓Immunohistochemical
45
Ex.of SPECIFIC STAINING
✓Perl's prussian blue ✓PAS
46
Ex. of DIRECT STAINING
✓Methylene blue ✓Eosin
47
what are the Agents under INDIRECT STAINING?
✓mordant ✓accentuator
48
Ex. of MORDANT
✓Ehrlich's hematoxyline: Potassium alum/aluminum w/ hematox ✓Weigert's hematoxylin: Iron
49
Ex. of ACCENTUATOR
✓Loeffler's Methylene Blue: Potassium hydroxide ✓Carbol thionine and carbol funchsin: Phenol
50
Ex. of PROGRESSIVE STAINING
✓Mod. H & E Staining
51
Ex. of REGRESSIVE STAINING
✓H & E staining ✓Acid fast stain ✓Gram stain
52
Ex. of COUNTER STAINING
✓Eosin- cytoplasm ✓Hematoxylin- nucleus
53
DECALCIFYING Agents IN GENERAL
ACIDS (Nitic, Formic) ION EXCHANGE RESIN EDTA CHELATING AGENT ELECTROPHORESIS aka Electrical Ionization
54
Methods of determining the EXTENT of DECALCIFICATION
"PRC" -PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL --- MOST UNRELIABLE TEST -RADIOLOGICAL/ X-RAY --- IDEAL, SENSISIVE & MOST RELIABLE -CHEMICAL/Ca Ox TEST --- most common, ROUTINELY USED
55
Double Embedding Method Requirements?
2 Media 1. CELLOIDIN AGAR/NITROCELLULOSE - for IMPREGNATION 2. PARAFFIN WAX - for EMBEDDING
56
Methods of FREEZING
-Liquid nitrogen -- most commonly USED & PAPID CO2 Gas - -|sopentane cooled w/ liquid nitrogen -Co2 gas -Aerosol sprays (distance: 1 foot/12 inches/30.5cm
57
Adhesives used in Tissue Processing
Starch paste Plasma Gelatin, Gelatin-Formaldehyde Mayer's egg albumin (most common) Dried Albumin 3-APES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) (for cytological prep) Poly-L-Lysine (reco for IHC)
58
staining mtds for frozen section
-Polychrome methylene blue (loeflers) -Alc. pinocyanol -Thionine -H & E
59
fixatives for EM?
"GOPAK" (0-4 deg C) -Glutaraldehyde -Osmium tetroxide -Paraformaldehyde -Acrolein (gluta/formaldehyde) -Karnovsky's (BEST FOR EM)
60

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