HP - OTHERS

Question 1

INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES

Serum/secretions from serosal mesothelial cells (3P’s)

Pulmonary TB

Answer 1

Serous inflammation

Question 2

INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES

Hypersecretion of mucosa

Answer 2

Catarrhal inflammation

Question 2

INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES

Blood + exudates

Bacterial infections & other infections

Answer 2

Hemorrhagic inflammation

Question 2

INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES

Fibrinogen, Diphtheria, rheumatoid pericarditis

Early stage of pneumonia

Answer 2

Fibrinous inflammation

Question 3

INFLAMMATION ACC TO CHAR. OF EXUDATES

Pus: creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris

Answer 3

Pus: creamy fluid component of PMNs & necrotic tissue debris

Suppurative/purulent inflammation

Question 4

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Failure to arrest early cell autolysis

Answer 4

cause:

-Failure to fix immediately (tissue was allowed to dry before fixing)

-Insufficient fixative

Question 5

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Removal of substances soluble in fixing agent

Answer 5

cause: Wrong choice of fixative

Question 6

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Presence of artifact pigments on tissue sections

Answer 6

cause: Incomplete washing of fixative

Question 7

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Tissues are soft & feather-like in consistency

Answer 7

cause: Incomplete fixation

Question 7

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Loss/inactivation of enzymes needed for study

Answer 7

cause: Wrong choice of fixative

Question 8

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Shrinkage & swelling of cells & tissue structure

Answer 8

cause: Overfixation

Question 9

IMPOROPER FIXATION (DIFFICULTIES)

Problem: Tissue blocks are brittle & hard

Answer 9

cause: Prolonged fixation

Question 10

if incomplete fixation, what steps are affected?

Answer 10

clearing
impregnation
sectioning
staining

Question 11

PIGMENTS - removed by?

Acid formaldehyde hematin (Brown/black granules)

Answer 11

“SAKAL”
a. Saturated picric acid
b. Alcoholic KOH
c. Kardasewitsch method
d. Lillie’s method

Question 12

PIGMENTS - removed by?

Mercuric chloride pigment (black granules)

Answer 12

Alcoholic IODINE

Question 13

PIGMENTS - removed by?

Chromate pigment
(Fine, yellow brown granules)

Answer 13

ACID-alcohol

Question 14

PIGMENTS - removed by?

Osmium tetroxide pigment
(Black precipitate crystals)

Answer 14

Cold H2O

Question 15

what PIGMENT/ artifact?

Intense eosinophilic staining at the center of the tissue (H & E) Due to partial coagulation of partially fixed protein

Answer 15

Crush artifact

Question 16

PAP STAIN

nuclear stain

Answer 16

Hematoxylin

Question 17

PAP STAIN

cytoplasmic stain (mature superficial cells)

Answer 17

OG-6

Question 17

PAP STAIN

cytoplasmic stain (immature cells: parabasal/intermediate)

Answer 17

EA (Eosin Azure)

Question 17

PAP STAIN

cytoplasmic stain for gynecologic smears

Answer 17

EA 36/50

Question 18

PAP STAIN

cytoplasmic stain for body fluids

Answer 18

EA 65

Question 19

STEPS IN H&E STAIN

Xylol is for?

Answer 19

deparaffinization

Question 20

STEPS IN H&E STAIN Descending grade of alcohol

Answer 20

rehydration

Question 21

STEPS IN H&E STAIN used as differentiator?

Answer 21

Acid alcohol

Question 22

STEPS IN H&E STAIN used as bluing agent?

Answer 22

ammonia water

Question 23

STEPS IN H&E STAIN stain used?

Answer 23

hematoxylin and eosin

Question 24

STEPS IN H&E STAIN Ascending grade of alcohol?

Answer 24

dehydration

Question 25

STEPS IN H&E STAIN dealcoholization/clearing agent used?

Answer 25

xylene

Question 26

STEPS IN H&E STAIN?

Answer 26

1. Xylol (2) = deparaffinization 2. Rehydration = Descen. alcohol 3. H2O 4. Remove fixative artifact pigments after rehydration & before staining 5. Stain: hematoxylin 6. H2O 7. Acid alcohol (differentiator) 8. Ammonia water (blueing agent) 9. Wash 10. Stain: Eosin Y 11. Dehydration = Ascen. alcohol 12. Xylene = dealcohol/clearing 13. Mount & label **Nuclei: blue to blue black **Cytoplasm: pale pink

Question 27

Excision and exam (living subject) Preferred: perform the biopsy at the periphery of the tumor (advancing tumor margin)

Answer 27

Biopsy

Question 28

TYPE OF BIOPSY Desquamated cells; Sex hormonal status in females; Sex chromatin phenotype

Answer 28

Exfoliative cytology

Question 29

TYPE OF BIOPSY Complete removal of a lesion; Most reliable

Answer 29

Excisional biopsy

Question 30

TYPE OF BIOPSY Removal of part of a lesion/small piece of tumor directly incising the tumor capsule Preferred for large tumors that can't be excised completely

Answer 30

Incisional biopsy

Question 31

TYPE OF BIOPSY Aspiration of fluid

Answer 31

Needle biopsy

Question 32

TYPE OF BIOPSY Small pcs of tumor are removed w/ special forceps

Answer 32

Bite biopsy

Question 33

TYPE OF BIOPSY Skin fragments

Answer 33

Cutaneous biopsy

Question 34

TYPE OF BIOPSY Curettage specimens

Answer 34

Shave biopsy

Question 35

TYPE OF BIOPSY For specimens >2mm → embed in a single paraffin block

Answer 35

Punch biopsy

Question 35

TYPE OF BIOPSY Specimen is subdivided w/ a razor blade

Answer 35

Wedge biopsy

Question 36

TYPE OF BIOPSY Shell-out end

Answer 36

Marginal excision