PART 4 - HP - PT -fr Sir Ed

Question 1

Inventor of MICROTOME?

Answer 1

▪ Wilhelm His, Sr. (1865/66) - Swiss anatomist and professo

Question 2

Inventor of SLIDING?

Answer 2

-Alexander Cummings (1770s) - invented the first practical Sliding Microtome
-George Adams (1789)

Question 3

Inventor of ROTARY?

Answer 3

George Richards Minot (1885-1886)

Question 4

Inventor of ROCKING /
CAMBRIDGE?

Answer 4

Paldwell Trefall (1881)

Question 5

Inventor of FREEZING?

Answer 5

John Queckett (1848)

Question 6

Inventor of CRYOSTAT?

Answer 6

Sir James Dewar (1897)

Question 7

Inventor of ULTRATHIN?

Answer 7

Germans (1800s)

Question 8

inventor of Cold ultramicrotomy?

Answer 8

Humberto Hernandez Moran

Question 9

▪ 3 MAJOR PARTS OF MICROTOME:

Answer 9

✓ Block holder - where the tissue is held in position

✓ Knife and knife carrier - for actual cutting of tissue sections

✓ Pawl, Ratchet Feed Wheel and Adjustment Screws - to line up the tissue block in proper position with the knife, adjusting the proper thickness of the tissue for successive sections

Question 10

Venetian blinds effect in histopathology refers to:

Answer 10

✓ Characteristic striped or blinds-like pattern
✓ Caused by a damaged or nicked microtome blade

Question 11

Cutting Stroke

✓ Hard tissues (cervix or thyroid) are best cut with?

✓ Soft tissues are best cut with?

Answer 11

-firm, relatively quick stroke

-slow, gentle motion

Question 12

✓ To remove blemishes and grinding the edge of the knife to acquire an even edge

Answer 12

HONING

Question 13

✓ Hone for badly nicked knives?
✓ medium fineness hone?
✓ finest hone (best result)?
✓ oil stones hone?

Answer 13

✓ Carborundum Hones = for badly nicked knives
✓ Arkansas Stone = medium fineness
✓ Yellow Belgian/Belgium Yellow = finest (best result)
✓ Belgian Black Vein = oil stones

Question 14

The surface of the hone is wiped clean with a soft cloth moistened with xylene in order to remove the scattered small particles of stones and metal. It is then covered with a thin film of Mineral and Clove Oil, Xylene, Liquid Paraffin or Soapy Water for

Answer 14

Lubrication

Question 15

1. The color of the inside surface of floating-out water bath:
2. Purpose?

Answer 15

1. Black
2. Purpose? For easier visualization of creases and folds in sections

Question 16

Immediate separation of tissue from wax in a flotation water bath is typically caused by:

Answer 16

✓ Insufficient or incomplete paraffinization
✓ Inadequate wax quality or melting point
✓ Incorrect water bath temperature
✓ Tissue not properly trimmed or oriented

Question 17

If a tissue section detaches from a slide:

Answer 17

✓ Return it to the floatation bath to rehydrate and reattach
✓ Gently agitate the bath to help reposition the section

Question 18

Purpose of heat and xylene prior to staining after sectioning:

Answer 18

Deparaffinization and drying of slides

Question 19

The tissues are overstained and the excess dye is then removed until the desired intensity
is obtained

Answer 19

REGRESSIVE

Question 20

TYPE OF STAINING

Staining is continued in a definite sequence until the desired intensity of coloring of the
different tissue elements is attained

No washing / differentiation / decolorization

Answer 20

PROGRESSIVE

Question 21

TYPE OF STAINING

The staining of tissue by means of simple alcoholic/aqueous solution of the dye
(Methylene blue and Eosin)

Answer 21

DIRECT/SIMPLE

Question 22

TYPE OF STAINING

It is the basis of Histochemistry

It is accomplished by controlled, specific chemical reactions designed to give a final color
(staining) at the site/location of the structure of the substances in the cells or tissues

Answer 22

SPECIFIC

Question 23

TYPE OF STAINING

The application of a different color or stain to provide contrast and background to the
staining of the structural components to be demonstrated.

Answer 23

COUNTERSTAINING

Question 24

TYPE OF STAINING

The action of the dye is intensified by some other agents such as mordant and accentuator

Answer 24

INDIRECT

Question 25

TYPE OF STAINING Entails the use of the specific dyes that stain tissues with a color that is different from that of the stain color itself

Answer 25

METACHROMATIC METACHROMASIA

Question 26

TYPE OF STAINING The selective staining of living cell constituents, demonstrating cytoplasmic structures by phagocytosis of the dye particle (Cytoplasmic Phagocytosis)

Answer 26

VITAL

Question 27

TYPE OF STAINING Done by injecting the dye into any part of the animal body (either intravenous, intraperitoneal or subcutaneous) producing specific coloration of certain cells, particularly those of RES (Lithium, India ink, Carmine)

Answer 27

INTRAVITAL

Question 28

TYPE OF STAINING Used to stain living cells immediately after removal from the living body (neutral red)

Answer 28

SUPRAVITAL

Question 29

A substance that serves as a link or bridge between the dye and the tissue to make the staining reaction possible:

Answer 29

Mordant

Question 30

A chemical substance that does not participate but merely increases or heightens the color intensity, crispness and selectivity of the stain:

Answer 30

Accentuator

Question 31

Agents usually used for ripening of stains:

Answer 31

✓ Sodium iodate ✓ Mercuric Oxide ✓ Potassium permanganate ✓ Calcium hypochlorite ✓ Hydrogen peroxide

Question 32

Commonly used for the rinsing and bluing steps of the H&E staining: it is used for what?

Answer 32

Tap water alkalinization; Alkalinity is a measure of water's ability to neutralize acid

Question 33

The end point of a bluing agent:

Answer 33

✓ Reached when the desired blue color is achieved, indicating complete neutralization of excess stain or acidity.

Question 34

The oldest of all stains and is used for staining amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes and glycogen:

Answer 34

Iodine

Question 35

A dark green to black powder belonging to the phenazine group of dyes used to stain mitochondria in living tissues:

Answer 35

Janus green B

Question 36

Stains acid mucopolysaccharides; More specific for connective tissue and epithelial mucin:

Answer 36

Alcian blue

Question 37

An excellent stain for Elastic fibers:

Answer 37

Orcein

Question 38

For observing cell granules and vacuoles of phagocytic cell:

Answer 38

Neutral red

Question 39

Used for demonstration of neuroglia in frozen sections:

Answer 39

Victoria blue

Question 40

PAS positive substances

Answer 40

✓ Carbohydrates (Glycogen, Glycoproteins, Mucins, Polysaccharides, Glycolipids) ✓ Glycoproteins (Immunoglobulins, Complement components, CRP, Amyloid) ✓ Mucoproteins (Acidic mucins, Neutral mucins, Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate) ✓ Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Unsaturated Lipids ✓ Fungal cell walls (e.g., Aspergillus, Candida) ✓ Bacterial capsules (e.g., Klebsiella, Pseudomonas)

Question 41

PAS positivity in various tissues

Answer 41

✓ Liver (glycogen) ✓ Pancreas (glycogen) ✓ Salivary glands (mucins) ✓ Respiratory tract (mucins) ✓ Intestinal tract (mucins)

Question 42

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: stains lipids, fatty acids, and cholesterol

Answer 42

Sudan dyes

Question 43

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: stains lipid accumulation - red

Answer 43

Oil Red O Stain

Question 44

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (visualize the general morphology)

Answer 44

H and E stain

Question 45

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: n (collagen fibers and fibrous cap)

Answer 45

Masson's Trichrome Stain

Question 46

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (calcium deposits – dark brown to black)

Answer 46

Von Kossa Stain

Question 47

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (calcium deposits – red)

Answer 47

Alizarin Red S

Question 48

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: n (carbohydrates and mucopolysaccharides)

Answer 48

PAS stain

Question 49

Stains used to identify atherosclerotic plaques: (acidic mucopolysaccharides)

Answer 49

Alcian Blue Stain

Question 50

Widely used and effective stain for Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 50

✓ Giemsa stain

Question 51

Gold standard stain for Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 51

Warthin-Starry stain others: ✓ Steiner stain ✓ Genta stain (modified Giemsa) ✓ Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for H. pylori antigens

Question 52

these are group of polychromatic stains used in cytology and histology

Answer 52

Romanowsky stains

Question 53

ex of Romanowsky stains

Answer 53

✓ Giemsa stain ✓ Wright's stain ✓ Leishman's stain ✓ May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stain ✓ Jenner-Giemsa stain ✓ Diff-Quik stain

Question 54

The Feulgen stain is used to stain:

Answer 54

✓ DNA ✓ Nucleic acids ✓ Nuclear material (chromatin, nucleoli)

Question 55

Hematoxylin stains:

Answer 55

✓ Nuclei (DNA) Resulting Stain: Purple-blue (dark blue, blue-black) ✓ Nucleoli ✓ Chromatin

Question 56

these are commonly used stains to assess the adequacy of fluid aspirates such as ✓ Blood smears ✓ Bone marrow aspirates ✓ Cytological preparations (e.g., fine-needle aspirates)

Answer 56

Romanowsky stains (Giemsa, Wright's, MGG)

Question 57

COMPOSITION of Perl's Prussian Blue Reaction for Ferric iron

Answer 57

✓ Solution: Acid ferrocyanide 1% aqueous potassium ferrocyanide (20 mL) 2% aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 mL)

Question 58

COMPOSITION of Turnbull's Blue Reaction for Ferrous Iron

Answer 58

✓ Solution: Acid ferricyanide Solution: 1% aqueous potassium ferricyanide (20 mL) 2% aqueous hydrochloric acid (20 mL)

Question 59

Stains commonly used to visualize Spirochetes:

Answer 59

✓ Warthin-Starry Stain: Black / dark brown (golden yellow background) ✓ Levaditi Stain: Black / dark brown (yellowish brown background) ✓ Giemsa Stain: Pinkish-red to purple / purple-blue (pale blue or purple background)

Question 60

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes) most sensitive and specific reagent for lipid staining; Greatest affinity for phospholipids & neutral fats

Answer 60

SBB

Question 61

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes) Recommended for triglycerides (neutral lipids)

Answer 61

Sudan IV (Scharlach R)

Question 62

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes) First Sudan dye introduced into Histochemistry; A good fat stain for CNS tissues

Answer 62

Sudan III

Question 63

Lysochromes (Oil Soluble Dyes) stains neutral lipids and fatty acids in smears, cryostat sections and tissues

Answer 63

ORO

Question 64

The most commonly used impregnation agent for demonstrating nervous tissues and reticulin:

Answer 64

Silver nitrate

Question 65

A vegetable dye derived from lichens, commonly used for staining elastic fibers:

Answer 65

Orcein

Question 66

An old histologic dye extracted from the female Cochineal Bug (Coccus cacti):

Answer 66

Cochineal

Question 67

used as a powerful chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear preparations

Answer 67

Carmine

Question 68

used in neuropathological studies

Answer 68

Picrocarmine

Question 69

used for demonstration of glycogen

Answer 69

Best Carmine

Question 70

For calcium salts and phosphatase activity

Answer 70

Acridine red 3B

Question 71

A basic acridine fluorochrome which permits discrimination between dead and living cells, giving GREEN fluorescence for DNA and a RED fluorescence for RNA:

Answer 71

Acridine Orange

Question 72

For demonstrating calcium involves replacement of the anionic part of calcium salts with silver. Silver is made visible following reduction by exposure to bright light:

Answer 72

Von Kossa

Question 73

Used in frozen sections for rapid diagnosis:

Answer 73

Loeffler’s PMB

Question 74

Mounting Media (Mountants) - AQUEOUS

Answer 74

▪ Water ▪ Glycerin ▪ Farrant’s medium/Gum syrup ▪ Apathy’s medium ▪ Brun’s fluid

Question 75

Mounting Media (Mountants) - RESINOUS

Answer 75

▪ Canada Balsam ▪ D.P.X. ▪ Xam ▪ Clarite ▪ Eukit ▪ Entellan

Question 76

composition of Aqueous Mountants?

Answer 76

Gelatin, glycerin jelly or gum arabic Glycerol Sugar Preservative solution

Question 77

Composition of Aqueous Mountants it used to to solidify the medium?

Answer 77

Gelatin, glycerin jelly or gum arabic

Question 78

Composition of Aqueous Mountants it is used to prevent cracking and drying of the preparation

Answer 78

Glycerol

Question 79

Composition of Aqueous Mountants it is use to increase the refractive-index

Answer 79

Sugar

Question 80

Recommended for mounting frozen sections from water or paraffin sections that require dehydration and clearing:

Answer 80

Brun’s fluid

Question 81

Does not solidify upon storage, eliminating the need for heating before use:

Answer 81

Farrant’s / Gum syrup

Question 82

High refractive index; Also used as preservative

Answer 82

Glycerin

Question 83

General purpose aqueous mountant; Used for Methylene Blue-stained nerve preparations:

Answer 83

Apathy’s

Question 84

Recommended for mounting frozen sections from water or paraffin sections which require dehydration and clearing:

Answer 84

Brun’s

Question 85

Low refractive index; good only for temporary mounting:

Answer 85

Water

Question 86

RI of Farrant’s / Gum syrup

Answer 86

(RI: 1.43)

Question 87

RI of Glycerin

Answer 87

(RI: 1.47)

Question 88

RI of Apathy’s

Answer 88

(RI:1.52)

Question 89

RI of Brun’s

Answer 89

(RI:1.43)

Question 90

RI of Water

Answer 90

(RI:1.333)

Question 91

Process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts & evaporation of mountant, to immobilize the coverslip, and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage:

Answer 91

Ringing

Question 92

composition of Kronig Cement

Answer 92

Made up of 2 parts Paraffin wax mixed with 4-9 parts powdered Colophonium resin

Question 93

▪ Fixative for EM

Answer 93

✓ Primary fixatives: Osmium tetroxide, glutaraldehyde, paraformaldehyde the procedure is performed at 4°C ✓ Karnovsky’s paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde, Acrolein (glutaraldehyde/formaldehyde); Platinic chloride and Zamboni’s

Question 94

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains ✓ Provides higher contrast for general EM imaging

Answer 94

✓ Uranyl acetate:

Question 95

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains ✓ Enhances contrast for biological samples

Answer 95

✓ Lead citrate:

Question 96

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains ✓ Stains polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and acidic mucins

Answer 96

✓ Ruthenium red:

Question 97

Electron Microscopy (EM) Stains ✓ Stains cartilage, bone, calcified tissues, mast cells, glycoproteins, and mucins

Answer 97

✓ Toluidine blue:

Question 98

The best fixative for cytological specimens requiring fixation:

Answer 98

Ether alcohol (Ether and Ethanol - 1:1 ratio)

Question 99

The best fixative for exfoliative cytology:

Answer 99

Ether alcohol

Question 100

Fixative for all types of effusion:

Answer 100

50% Alcohol