HPP LEC CHAP 6 Flashcards by Marinell Condeno

Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the
skeletal system are

connective tissues

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a tough, ropelike protein

Collagen

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e large molecules consisting of
many polysaccharides attaching to and encircling
core proteins

Proteoglycans

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The matrix always contains collagen, ground
substance, and other organic molecules, as well
as water and minerals

none

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form large aggregates and
attract water

proteoglycans

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The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments
contains large amounts of collagen fibers, making
these structures very tough, like ropes or cables

none

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extracellular matrix of cartilage contains

collagen and proteoglycans

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makes cartilage tough

Collagen

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make it smooth and
resilient

water-filled proteoglycans

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is relatively rigid, but it
springs back to its original shape after being
bent or slightly compressed

cartilage

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extracellular matrix of bone contains collagen
and minerals, including calcium and phosphate

none

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lend flexible strength
to the bone

ropelike collagen fibers

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gives bone compression
(weight-bearing) strength.

mineral

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form of
calcium phosphate crystals

hydroxyapatite

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four bone shapes

long, short, flat, irregular

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are longer than they are wide

long bones

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are approximately as wide as they
are long

short bones

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have a relatively thin, flattened shape

flat bones

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shapes that do not fit readily
into the other three categories

irregular bones

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compact bone
tissue

shaft

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ends spongy bone tissue

Epiphysis

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covers epiphyses
reduces friction

Articular cartilage

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site of growth
between
diaphysis and
epiphysis

Epiphyseal plate

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center of
diaphysis red or
yellow marrow

Medullary cavity

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membrane around bone’s outer surface

Periosteum

membrane that lines medullary cavity

Endosteum

is the location of blood forming cells

red marrow

mostly fat

yellow marrow

structural unit of compact bone includes lamella, lacunae, canaliculus, central canal, osteocytes

Osteon

rings of bone matrix

Lamella

spaces between lamella

Lacunae

tiny canals transport nutrients and remove waste

Canaliculus

center of osteon contains blood vessels

Central canal:

It is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones

Spongy bone

are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow

trabeculae

responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone

Osteoblasts

cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it

Osteocytes

contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption

Osteoclasts

Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes

intramembranous ossification

Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage

endochondral ossification

the formation of bone by osteoblasts.

Ossification

occurs by the deposition of new bone lamellae onto existing bone or other connective tissue

Bone growth

As osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the surface of bones between the periosteum and the existing bone matrix, the bone increases in width, or diameter

appositional growth

Broken bone causes

bleeding and a blood clot forms

forms which is a fibrous network between 2 fragments

Callus

hole

foramen

depression

fossa

projection

process

smooth, rounded end

condyle

canal-like passageway

meatus

lump of bone

tubercle

composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

axial skeleton

forms a freely movable joint with the rest of the skull

mandible

Anterior part of cranium

Frontal bone

Sides and roof of cranium

Parietal bones

Posterior portion and floor of cranium

Occipital bones

inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium Temporomandibular joint

Temporal bones

Forms part of cranium floor, lateral posterior portions of eye orbits, lateral portions of cranium anterior to temporal bones Sella turcica

Sphenoid bone

Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity Nasal conchae

Ethmoid bone

Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits Maxillary sinus

Maxillae

Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity

Palatine bones

Cheek bones Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

Zygomatic bones

Medial surfaces of eye orbits

Lacrimal bones

Form bridge of nose

Nasal bones

In midline of nasal cavity Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

Vomer

Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

Inferior nasal conchae

Lower jawbone Only movable skull bone

Mandible

open into the nasal cavity

paranasal sinuses

* Frontal * Ethmoid * Sphenoid * Maxillary

unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones

hyoid bone

s the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis

vertebral column

curves anteriorly

cervical region

curves posteriorly

thoracic region

curves anteriorly

lumbar region

together curve posteriorly

sacral and coccygeal regions

* 1st vertebra * holds head

Atlas

* 2nd vertebra * rotates head

Axis

breastbone

Sternum

attach directly to sternum by cartilage

true ribs

attach indirectly to sternum by cartilage

false ribs

not attached to sternum

floating ribs

shoulder blade

Scapula

collar bone

Clavicle

upper limb

Humerus

forearm

Ulna

forearm

Radius

wrist

Carpals

hand

Metacarpals

includes pelvic girdle and coccyx

Pelvis

inferior and posterior region

Ischium

most superior region

Ilium

hip socket (joint)

Acetabulum

thigh

Femur

knee cap

Patella

large lower leg

Tibia

small lower leg

Fibula

ankle

Tarsals

foot

Metatarsals

toes and fingers

Phalanges

where two bones come together

Articulations

Joints can be classified structurally as

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

* united by fibrous connective tissue * subclasses are sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphoses

Fibrous joint

* united by means of cartilage * subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis

Cartilaginous

* joined by a fluid cavity * Most joints of the appendicular skeleton

Synovial

non-movable joint

Synarthrosis

slightly movable joint

Amphiarthrosis

freely movable joint

Diarthrosis

bending

Flexion

straightening

Extension

movement away from midline

Abduction

movement toward the midline

Adduction

rotation of the forearm with palms down

Pronation

rotation of the forearm with palms up

Supination

movement of a structure about the long axis

Rotation

Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints

1. Decreased Collagen Production 2. Loss of Bone Density 3. Degenerative Changes

HPP LEC CHAP 6 Flashcards

(115 cards)