HPP LEC CHAP 7 Flashcards by Marinell Condeno

attached to bones
striated
voluntarily controlled

skeletal muscle

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located in the heart
striated
involuntarily controlled

cardiac muscle

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located in blood vessels, hollow organs
non-striated
involuntarily controlled

smooth muscle

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Functions of muscular system

Movement
Maintain posture
Respiration
Production of body heat
Communication
Heart beat
Contraction of organs and vessels

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4 properties of muscles

contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity

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the ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract

contractility

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the capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

excitability

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ability to be stretched beyond it normal resting length and still be able to contract

extensibility

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ability of the muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched

elasticity

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Skeletal muscle, or striated muscle, with its
associated connective tissue, constitutes
approximately how many percent of the body weight?

40%

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a connective tissue sheath that surround each skeletal muscle

epimysium

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a skeletal muscle is subdivided into groups of muscle cells

fascicles

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surround the fassicle

perimysium

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surround each skeletal muscle cell

endomysium

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fiber is a single cylindrical cell, with
several nuclei located at its periphery.

muscle fiber

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The muscle fibers range in what length and in diameter?

1cm - 30 cm
0.15 mm

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Skeletal muscle fibers contain several nuclei that are located where?

periphery

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has many tubelike inward folds

sarcolemma (cell membrane)

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what do you call the tubelike in sarcolemma? It also occur at regular intervals along the muscle fiber and extend into the center of the muscle fiber.

Transverse tubules/ T tubules

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the t tubules are associated with enlarged portions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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what do you call the enlarged portions

terminal cisternae

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t tubules connect the sarcolemma to the terminal cisternae to form a?

muscle triad

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The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a relatively high
concentration of?

Calcium

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the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber which contains many bundles of protein filaments

sarcoplasm

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are bundles of protein filaments

myofibrils

myofibrils consists of

myofilaments, actin, myosin

a nerve cell stimulates muscle cells.

motor neuron

a synapse where a the fiber of a nerve connects with a muscle fiber.

neuromuscular junction

refers to the cell-to-cell junction between a nerve cell and either another nerve cell or an effector cell, such as in a muscle or a gland.

synapse

a group of muscle fibers that a motor neuron stimulates.

motor unit

is the end of a neuron cell axon fiber.

presynaptic terminal

is the space between the presynaptic terminal and postsynaptic membrane.

synaptic cleft

the muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma).

postsynaptic membrane

a vesicle in the presynaptic terminal that stores and releases neurotransmitter chemicals.

synaptic vesicle

chemicals that stimulate or inhibit postsynaptic cells.

Neurotransmitters

the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscles.

Acetylcholine

a temporary state of reduced work capacity.

Fatigue

What are the Mechanisms of fatigue

* Acidosis and ATP depletion due to either an increased ATP consumption or a decreased ATP production * Oxidative stress, which is characterized by the buildup of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radicals) * Local inflammatory reactions

two types of muscle contractions

isometric and isotonic

has an increase in muscle tension, but no change in length.

isometric contractions

has a change in muscle length with no change in tension.

isotonic contractions

are isotonic contractions in which muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens.

Concentric contractions

isotonic contractions in which tension is maintained in a muscle, but the opposing resistance causes the muscle to lengthen.

Eccentric contractions

the constant tension produced by body muscles over long periods of time.

muscle tone

non-striated small, spindle-shaped muscle cells, usually with one nucleus per cell.

smooth muscle

long, striated, and branching, with usually only one nucleus per cell.

cardiac muscle

Cardiac muscle contraction

autorhythmic.

Cardiac muscle cells are connected to one another by specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap junctions

intercalated disks

connects skeletal muscle to bone.

tendon

are broad, sheetlike tendons.

aponeuroses

is a band of connective tissue that holds down the tendons at each wrist and ankle.

retinaculum

the end of the muscle attached to the bone undergoing the greatest movement.

insertion

The part of the muscle between the origin and the insertion

belly

A group of muscles working together are

agonists

A muscle or group of muscles that oppose muscle actions are

antagonists

Skeletal muscle attachments have an origin and an insertion, with the ___ being the attachment at the least mobile location.

origin

muscles are named according to

location size shape orientation of fasicles origin and insertion number of heads function

elevate ribs for inspiration

external intercostals

depress ribs during forced expiration

internal intercostals

moves during quiet breathing

diaphragm

* center of abdomen * compresses abdomen

rectus abdominis

* sides of abdomen * compresses abdomen

external abdominal oblique

* compresses abdomen

internal abdominal oblique

* compresses abdomen

transverse abdominis

* shoulders and upper back * extends neck and head

trapezius

* chest * elevates ribs

pectoralis major

* between ribs * elevates ribs

serratus anterior

* shoulder * abductor or upper limbs

deltoid

* 3 heads * extends elbow

triceps brachii

* “flexing muscle” * flexes elbow and shoulder

biceps brachii

* flexes elbow

brachialis

* lower back * extends shoulder

latissimus dorsi

* flexes hip

illiopsoas

* buttocks * extends hip and abducts thigh

gluteus maximus

* Hip * abducts and rotates thigh

gluteus medius

quadriceps femoris is comprised of 4 thigh muscles

rectus femoris vastus lateralis vastus medialis vastus intermedius

* adducts thigh and flexes knee

gracilis

* Hamstring * back of thigh * flexes knee, rotates leg, extends hip

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

* front of lower leg * inverts foot

tibialis anterior

* calf * flexes foot and leg

gastrocnemius

* attaches to ankle * flexes foot

soleus

4 energy of muscle contractions

1. Aerobic production of ATP during most exercise and normal conditions. 2. Anaerobic production of ATP during intensive short-term work 3. Conversion of a molecule called creatine phosphate to ATP 4. Conversion of two ADP to one ATP and one AMP (adenosine monophosphate) during heavy exercise

HPP LEC CHAP 7 Flashcards

(82 cards)