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Human Body systems test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the term hormone mean?

A

hormone is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues.

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2
Q

what does the term Enzyme mean?

A

Enzyme is a biological enzyme that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms

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3
Q

what does the term receptor mean?

A

a group of cells (chemical structure) that receives a stimuli

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4
Q

what is the normal blood glucose contraction?

A

70mg/dL - 100mg/dL

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5
Q

what type of transport is used when transporting glucose into target cells?

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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6
Q

what occurs when ATP levels are low within a target cell?

A

glucose is utilized for energy production this process is called glycolysis

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7
Q

what is the short term storage form of access glucose?

A

Glycogen

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8
Q

what is the long term storage form of access glucose?

A

Fat

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9
Q

What is the hormone secreted when concentration of glucose in the blood is low?

A

Glucagon

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10
Q

what is the polypeptide hormone secreted when concentration of glucose in the blood is low?

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis increasing blood glucose levels

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11
Q

how does the body respond to stress?

A

flight or fight response activated by the hypothalamus

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12
Q

what are the major organs of the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, Pituitary glad, thyroid, Parathyroid, testis and ovaries

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13
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system?

A

to regulate body process by releasing hormones into the blood stream which then delivers messages to target cells

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14
Q

what types of cells secrete hormones?

A

Endocrine cells

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15
Q

which brain structure exerts control over the endocrine system and integrates activities of the nervous and endocrine system?

A

the Hypothalamus

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16
Q

the Parathyroid glad is located on the posterior surface of the thyroid glad what hormone does the parathyroid glad secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

What types of cells found in the pancreatic islets and the hormone that each type of cell secrets?

A

Alpha cells- Produce glycagon
Beta cells- Produce Insulin
Delta cells- produce somatostatin

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18
Q

what are the structures of bone?

A

Cortical Bone, Cancellous (spongy), Medullary Cavity

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19
Q

what are some roles that bones play?

A
  • framework for muscle attachments
  • Protection of internal and vital organs
  • storage of fat in yellow tendons
  • storage of micronutrients (calcium and phosphate)
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20
Q

what are other names for trabecular bone?

A

Cancellous Bone

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21
Q

what are the four types of bone?

A

long bone - arms, legs
short bone - wrists, ankles
flat bone - ribs, skull bone, shoulder blades
Irregular bone - spine (vertebrae)

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22
Q

four basic mechanical functions of bone

A

Support –> skeletal system
Protection –> encase + protect organs
Movement –> act as leavers
Mineral storage –> store calcium and phosphorus

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23
Q

what is bone made up of?

A

Organic component- Collogen 10%
Inorganic component- hydroxyapatite 65%
water- approx. 25%

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24
Q

why is movement important for bone health?

A

provides blood supply, compression allows squeezing of old fluid out of the matrix and unloading allows the absorption of synovial fluid into matrix

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25
what are the correct functions of the skeletal system?
Support, Protect, movement
26
What are the four bone cell types?
Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Osteocytes, Bone lining cells
27
Osteoblasts?
bone forming cells found on the bone surface. makes the collogen chains that will form muscle organic collogen matrix
28
Osteoclasts?
breaks down bone, reabsorbing cells. they're on the surface of the bone in umbrella shape large cells with many nuclei.
29
Osteocytes?
live inside the bones long-lived to 25 years. approx. 46 billion in the skeleton.
30
Bone lining cells?
Generally inactive, flat cells. cover the surface of inactive bone
31
what is endochondral Ossification?
Step 1: Cartlidge: stem --> chondocytes (makes cartlidge) Step 2: Growth of cartlidge: cells in centre burst, triggering classification Step 3: Primary Ossification centre: nutrient artery penetrates centre of cartlidge - bone matrix covers the calcified cartlidge forming spongy bone. Step 4: Meduallary cavity: Bone mineral is reshaped and remodeled to form Meduallary Cavity Step 5: Secondary Ossification centre: blood vessels entre the epiphyses (around time of birth) Step 6: Formation of cartlidge on the joints: cartlidge on ends of bone remains as articular cartlidge
32
what ions are needed for contraction of skeletal muscle fibers when binding to troponin?
Calcium
33
What are the main functions of the skeletal muscles?
Maintaining body temperature Maintaining Posture Storing nutrient reserves
34
Why can smooth muscle contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal muscle?
Because Actin and myosin filament arrangment is more plastic, allowing greater adaptability.
35
what would happen to a resting skeletal muscle if the sarcolemma suddenly became very permeable to Ca2+ (calcium 2+)
An Increased strength of contraction and decreased ability to relax
36
where is smooth muscle found?
In blood vessels
37
where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart
38
Sarcolemma
Plasma Membrane a physical barrier between intracellular and extracellular environment, regulates exchange of molecules between both environments structural support.
39
Sarcomere
smallest functional unit of muscle fiber (cell) interaction between the thin and thick filaments. Sarcomere are responsible for muscle contraction
40
Transverse (T) tubules
conduct electrical signals (action potential) inside the muscle fiber (cell) enables all regions of the muscle fiber (cell) to contract at the same time
41
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
forms tubular network around each myofibril and stores releasing Ca2+ into cytosol
42
Myofibril
Active shortening of myofibril produces muscle contraction
43
Thin filament
strands of protein that consist of actin (primarily), troponin and tropomyosin. they are separated from thick filaments at rest but when cross bridges form between thin and thick filament contraction occur
44
What are two factors that influence tension produced by single skeletal muscle fibers?
Stimulation frequency and sarcomere length
45
what is cross bridge attachment caused by?
ATP binding to the myosin head
46
what does the sarcoplasmic reticulum release in response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules?
Calcium
47
What is the Sliding filament theory?
A structural theory that explains how muscle fibers contract
48
What are the basic components of a motor unit?
Motor Neuron and muscle fibers
49
what are the effects of exercise on muscle?
Improve Strength and endurance.
50
What does improved endurance effect?
Increase number and size of mitochondria (more ATP)
51
What does improved strength effect?
Increased size of muscle fibers
52
What does the conduction system of the heart consist of?
Sinoatrial Node, Atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers
53
which valve separates the right atrium and the right ventricle?
The tricuspid valve
54
Which valve separates the left atrium and the right ventricle?
The mitral valve
55
What region of the heart generates electrical signal through the AV node?
The delay allows the atria to contract completely before ventricular contrition begins
56
What does ECG measure?
The collective electrical activity of the heart
57
Describe the flow of blood around the heart
Oxygen depleted blood flows from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle from the right ventricle it flows through the pulmonic valve to the lungs (via the pulmonary arteries) where gas exchange occurs Oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins
58
What characteristics of the cardiac pacemaker cells make them well suited to stimulating the cardiac pacemaker?
Automaticity: ability to generate an action potential automatically without requiring commands from the nervous system Conductivity: ability to pass the action potential onto the next cardiac cell.
59
what are the four types of blood?
Type A, B, AB and O
60
How do red blood cells carry oxygen?
They bound to the hemoglobin
61
What characteristics of red blood cells make them well suited to carrying oxygen to tissues?
Their small size Lack of mitochondria Their large surface area
62
What process would take place at the site of an injury to stop bleeding?
Blood clotting (homeostasis)
63
What are the three phases of homeostasis?
Vascular phase Platelet phase Coagulation phase

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