Human locacmotion L2

Question 1

Advantages of the locomotor system

Answer 1

Frees our hands,
elevates our heads
Can move on challenging terrain

Question 2

Gait cycle definition

Answer 2

The period from heel strike of one limb until the next time that heel hits the ground

Question 3

What is stance phase

Answer 3

First 60%

heel strike- toe of same foot lifting off

Question 4

What is swing phase

Answer 4

40% the limb has lost contact with the ground.

Question 5

Defines a walk pattern

Answer 5

Having 1 foot on the floor at all times

Question 6

Defines a running pattern

Answer 6

At some point during gait both feet are off the ground simultaneously
Absorbing and releasing energy stored in tendons biomechanically
A series of controlled leaps

Question 7

What is a torque

Answer 7

The rotational force around a joint

Question 8

What is an agonist

Answer 8

Cause a movement through there own contraction

Question 9

What is an antagonist

Answer 9

oppose movement (e.g hamstrings and quadriceps)

Question 10

What is a synergist muscle

Answer 10

Perform or help to perform the same movement as a agonist

Question 11

Concentric contraction

Answer 11

Muscle length shortens

Question 12

eccentric contraction

Answer 12

muscle length increases

Question 13

What is a moment

Answer 13

the turning effect of a force around a fixed point called a pivot M= F x D (force x distance)

Question 14

What is a tendon

Answer 14

Muscle to bone
Tough band of connective tissue
Built to endure tension

Question 15

Ligaments

Answer 15

Bone to bone

Work with tendons to pull on a bone

Question 16

Cerebellum

Answer 16

Motor correction

based on sensory & proprioceptive input

Question 17

Motor learning=

Answer 17

improving performance of motor sequence with repetition (in cerebellum)

Question 18

Balance=

Answer 18

Coordinating muscle systems across the body

Question 19

Flexion=

Answer 19

The reduction of a angle at a joint (forward)

Question 20

Extension=

Answer 20

The extension of an angle at a joint (backwards)

Question 21

Abduction=

Answer 21

Taking the limb away from midline

Question 22

Adduction

Answer 22

Moving towards the midline

Question 23

Plantar flexion

Answer 23

Moving toes down

Question 24

Dorsiflexion

Answer 24

lifting the toes up

Question 25

Gluteus maximus contracts--->

Answer 25

Main extension at hip Attached to dorsal aspect of iliac blade Inserts proximal aspect of the femur

Question 26

Gluteus medius and minimus-->

Answer 26

abduction at the hip | attached to iliac crest/blade

Question 27

where is the Sartorius muscle

Answer 27

anterior Thigh | Longest muscle in human body

Question 28

what do quadriceps do?

Answer 28

Extension at the knee | Flexion at the thigh

Question 29

What do hamstrings do?

Answer 29

Flexion at the knee | extension at the thigh

Question 30

What does Tibialis anterior do?

Answer 30

Rotation at the ankle | Contraction lifts toes up (dorsiflexion)

Question 31

Gastrocnemius Where? Does what?

Answer 31

Attaches around the ankle joint | contraction moves toes down (plantar flexion)

Question 32

Intrinsic muscles of the foot and long tendons of the foot

Answer 32

Very good at stabilising the foot ( preserve the longitudinal arch of foot)

Question 33

Where does gravity act

Answer 33

The centre of mass

Question 34

The downwards force=

Answer 34

mass x acceleration of gravity

Question 35

Advantage of CoM being closer to joint/point of movement=

Answer 35

less muscle force required to keep body stable

Question 36

Where is the humans CoM?

Answer 36

Pelvis, mid-line anterior to second sacral vertebra

Question 37

Where does the CoM need to act within

Answer 37

the base of support

Question 38

What strategies are used to keep the body stable

Answer 38

Hip and ankle strategy

Question 39

What effect can flip flops have on gait

Answer 39

Take shorter steps The heel hits the ground with less force toes not brought up as much --> larger ankle angle

Question 40

what effect would high heels have on gait

Answer 40

Shortens the Achilles tendon and the calf muscles

Question 41

What is antalgic gait?

Answer 41

Any gait that reduces loading 'stone in shoe' --> shortened stance phase lengthen swing phase time and step length

Question 42

Ataxic gait (cerebellar gait)=

Answer 42

unsteady, wide base | Caused by MS, cerebellar disease

Question 43

parkinsonian gait=

Answer 43

Involuntarily moves with accelerating steps, often tiptoe

Question 44

Myopathic gait= (waddling gait)

Answer 44

Proximal pelvis muscles are weak | --> pelvis not stabilised so tilts to non-weight bearing side

Question 45

Neuropathic gait (high stepping)

Answer 45

Peripheral disease--> lower extremity | Week dorsiflexors high stepping to avoid dragging toe

Question 46

What does the reduction in ilium height mean

Answer 46

Means sacroiliac joint is closer to hip joint reducing stress

Question 47

What does curved iliac blade mean?

Answer 47

Small gluteal muscles are now in a position they can act as abductors of the thigh

Question 48

what do the abductors of the hip do?

Answer 48

support the pelvis when body weight is on one side.

Question 49

trendelenburg gait

Answer 49

prevents effective functioning of small gluteals, effects one side Upper body rotates to the effected side

Question 50

How id the femur adapted to humans

Answer 50

larger in human | Change in orientation (the bicondylar angle) --> Bringing weight closer to the base of support

Question 51

What is coxa vera

Answer 51

decreased angle (<120) of the femoral neck - -> mild shortening of limb - -> duck waddle

Question 52

What is coxa valga

Answer 52

Increased angle (>140) results from weakness of abductor muscles and lack of normal weight bearing forces

Question 53

What is closely-packed when the knee is fully extended

Answer 53

Femoral and tibial condyles (most closely packed when knee is fully extended)

Question 54

when did bipedalism start in humans

Answer 54

3.5 million years ago