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IM3 > Hypertension > Flashcards

Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What causes hypertension

A

Increased cardiac output ( higher heart rate and increased stroke volume)
Increased peripheral resistance ( elevated blood viscosity and decreased vessel diameter)

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2
Q

What are the causes of secondary hypertension

A

Renal vascular disease
Valve disorders
Sleep apnea
Pregnancy
Thyroid disorders
Drugs

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3
Q

What drugs can cause secondary hypertension

A

Oral contraceptives
Antihistamines
Corticosteroids

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4
Q

What does continued hypertension do to the blood vessel

A

Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Inflammatory response

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5
Q

What are the risk factors for hypertension

A

Family history
Increasing age
Cigarette smoking
Obesity
Heavy alcohol consumption
Black race
Men (early to middle adult hood)
Women (over 50 yrs)
High sodium diet
Low intake of K+, Ca++, Mg++
Glucose intolerance

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6
Q

Early stage hypertension has no distinct s/s other than an elevated what

A

Bp

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7
Q

what is the most common side effect of HTN

A

no symptoms/asymptomatic

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8
Q

What are s/s of hypertension

A

Asymptomatic
Headache
Visual disturbances
Chest pain
Flushed face
Epistaxis
Dizziness

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9
Q

what is epistaxis

A

nose bleeds

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10
Q

What is complicated hypertension

A

Sustained hypertension that has effects beyond hemodynamics

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11
Q

what does continued HTN do to the blood vessel

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
inflammatory response

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12
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

cells get larger

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13
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

enlargement of an organ or a tissue that can create more & more cells

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14
Q

what is inflammatory response for hypertension

A

decreases diameter of blood vessel

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15
Q

What are the two major mechanisms of tissue damage for complicated hypertension

A

Ischemia
Edema

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16
Q

what is ischemia

A

not enough o2 getting to where it needs to go and it damages tissue

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17
Q

What are the treatment goals for hypertension

A

Focus on systolic bp
< 130/80

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18
Q

What are some non medicine related treatments for a pt with hypertension

A

Lifestyle modifications
Diet
Exercise
Moderate alcohol consumption

19
Q

If pt has normal bp what is the recommended follow up procedure

A

Evaluate bp yearly
Encourage healthy lifestyle

20
Q

What is the recommended treatment/ follow up for a pt with elevated bp

A

Recommend healthy lifestyle
Reassess pt in 3-6 months

21
Q

What is the recommended treatment/follow up for a pt that has stage I hypertension

A

Lifestyle modifications
Reassess 3-6 months
Begin therapy it still not controlled

22
Q

What is the recommended treatment/ follow up for stage 2 hypertension

A

Lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive therapy
Reassess 3-6 months

23
Q

What are drugs a pt can take for hypertension (6)

A

ACE inhibitors
Beta Blockers
Calcium Antagonists
Alpha-Adrenergic Antagonists
Furosemide
Hydrochlorothiazide

24
Q

What are the three antihypertensive drugs

A

Ace inhibitors
Beta blockers
Calcium antagonists

25
Q

what are the side effects for alpha-blockers

A

orthostatic hypertension
vertigo
tachycardia
sexual dysfunction

26
Q

what are the side effects of furosemide

A

decreased bp
photosensitivity
increase bs
excrete K+

27
Q

what med is hydrochlorothiazide classed as

A

diuretic

28
Q

what is hydrochlorothiazide used to lower

A

blood pressure

29
Q

what is the upside of taking hydrochlorothiazide

A

normalizes bp on its own or w/ other hypotensive meds

30
Q

what is the downside of taking hydrochlorothiazide

A

hypokalemia
hypocholremia
hyperuricemia
hyponatremia
hyperglycemia
dehydration
promotes renal calcium retention

31
Q

what nursing care things will we do with pt with hypertension

A

daily wt
I&O
urine output
response of b/p
electrolytes
take pulses
ischemic episodes (TIA)
complications

32
Q

what are the complications of hypertension (4 C’s)

A

CAD
CRF
CHF
CVA

33
Q

what is orthostatic hypotension

A

a decrease in both systolic & diastolic BP upon standing

34
Q

how much does the bp drop for the systolic when they have orthostatic hypotension

A

20 mmHg or a greater drop

35
Q

how much does the bp drop for the diastolic when they have orthostatic hypotension

A

10 mmHg or a greater drop

36
Q

what are the acute orthostatic hypotension s/s (7)

A

altered body chem
drug action
prolonged immobility
starvation
physical exhaustion
volume depletion
venous pooling

37
Q

what is idopathic hyoertension

A

no known cause of HTN

38
Q

what are the s/s for orthostatic hypotension

A

dizziness
blurring or loss of vision
syncope & fainting

39
Q

orthostatic hypotension is most common in the elderly when

A

postprandial (after meals)

40
Q

how do we check orthostatics

A

lying, sitting, and standing

41
Q

how often might we check orthostatics in a shift

A

TID/QID

42
Q

which decrease is more significant in the orthostatic bp

A

20 mmHg systolic

43
Q

what is the most important thing when a pt has orthostatic hypotension

A

fall precautions
assist w/ standing/sitting

44
Q

how can we eliminate any known cause for orthostatics

A

adjust meds
give volume
replace electrolytes
assist w/ frequent repositioning

IM3 (47 decks)

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