Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry Post Midterm > Hypoglycemia > Flashcards

Hypoglycemia Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypoglycemia charcterized by?

A

BGL less than 55 or even 40 (2.2 mM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when do adrenergic symptoms usually occur?

A

when the blood glucose levels fall abruptly and epinephrine release is stimulated (regulated by hypothalamus)

-anxiety, palpitation, tremor, sweating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when do neuroglycopenia symptoms usually occur?

A

from a gradual decline in blood glucose, often below 40 mg/dL. the slow decline deprives the brain of glucose, but fails to trigger the epinepherine response.

-headache, confusion, slirred speech, coma, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how can the symptoms of hypoglycemia be resolves?

A

administering glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what can transcient hypoglycemia lead to?

A

cerebral dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what can prolonged, severe hypoglycemia cause?

A

come and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are injections with glucagon or epinephrine used for?

A

treatment in order to released glucose from the liver into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

at low BGL, what systems are working to normalize the BGL?

A
  • pituitary gland ACTH
  • ANS
  • directly, via the low serum BGL acting on the alpha cells of the pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is released in response to low BGL?

A

catecholamines + cortisol

adrenergic and neuroglycopenia symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the 2 types of hypoglycemia related to blood insulin levels?

A
  • postprandial hypoglycemia

- insulin-induced hypoglyemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is postprandial hypoglycemia?

A

due to exaggerated insulin release in people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is insulin induced hypoglyemia ?

A

in patients treated with insulin or in patients with insulinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the second most common hypoglycemia?

A

postprandial hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in postprandial hypoglycemia, what type of hypoglycemia do you get with what type of symptoms?

A

transicent hypoglycemia

adrenergic symptoms (mild)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

with postprandial hypoglycemia, how do plasma glucose levels return to normal?

A

w/o eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how is postprandial hypoglycemia prevented?

A

frequent small meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is mild hypoglycemia with insulin induced hypoglycemia treated?

A

with oral administration of carbs like OJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how is severe hypoglycemia with insulin induced hypoglycemia treated?

A

glucagon administration

19
Q

what is insulinoma?

A

tumor of pancreatic islet cells

20
Q

why is there severe hypoglycemia with insulinoma?

A

during fasting due to uptake of glucose into muscle and fat cells

21
Q

with an insulinoma, abnormally high levels of what do what?

A

insulin

block the action of the fasting state hormones

22
Q

what will a patient with insulinoma present with?

A

high insulin levels
C peptide and proinsulin in blood

*indicators of increased endogenous insulin production

23
Q

what can hypoglycemia often indicate?

A

serious medical problems - hereditary

alcohol intoxication

24
Q

what diseases is hypoglycemia found in?

A

glycogen storage diseases
abnormal fructose/galactose metabolism
abnormal metabolism of FA degradation
abnormal carnitine shuttle during fasting

25
Q

why is severe fasting hypoglycemia found in Von Gierke’s disease?

A

glucose cannot be released into the blood by the liver, due to hereditary deficiency of G-6-Phosphatase

26
Q

what else do you find in patients with Von Gierke’s disease?

A

extremely high levels of glycogen in liver and kidney
lactic acidemia
gout

27
Q

what diseases is milder hypoglycemia during fsating found?

A

Hers disease - deficiency of liver phosphorylase
cori disease - deficiency of deb ranching enzyme - limit dextrinosis

*both are GSD

28
Q

why is severe hypoglycemia found after ingestion of fructose in patients with hereditary fructose intolerance ?

A

due to deficiency of aldolase B

fructose -1-P accumulates in the liver which leads to reduced cellular levels of inorganic phosphate.

pi is needed as example for ATP synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

29
Q

what has to be removed from the diet in peolpe with HFI?

A

sucrose
fructose
sorbitol - is used in liver to form fructose catalyzed by sorbitol DH

30
Q

why is there severe hypoglycemia in patients after ingesting galatose with Classical galacotsemia?

A

hereditary deficiency of galatose 1-P uridyltransferase (GALT)

leads to galatose-1-P and galactitol

31
Q

where does galatitol accumulate?

A

in the liver
in the nerve
lens
kidney

causes liver damage, severe mental retardation and cataracts

32
Q

what has to be removed from diet in people with CG?

A

lactose and galactose

33
Q

why is there severe hypoglyemia during fasting in hereditary defects in Beta oxidation?

A

Medium chain FA Co! DH are needed to provide energy for gluconeogenesis during fasting - deficiency can lead to death

34
Q

what does MCAD deficiency lead to (levels)?

A

high levels of medium chain FA carnitines

dicarboxylic acids in blood and urine

35
Q

why is there severe hypoglyemia during fasting with defects in carnitine shuttle?

A
  • due to carnitine deficiency

- due to hereditary deficiency of CPT1 in liver

36
Q

why is there hypoglycemia with alcohol ingestion?

A

high ethanol in heptocytes = high NADH/NAD+ ratio in cytosol - gluconeogenesis doesn’t work!

37
Q

what should you measure if factitious hypoglycemia is suspected?

A

insulin
C-peptide
proinsulin
detection fo sulfonylurea in blood

38
Q

what is sulfonylurea used for?

A

treatment for DM type II

acts by stimulating endogenous insulin secretion from pancreas

39
Q

what does endogenous insulin production leads to high levels of?

A

insulin
C-peptide
proinsulin

40
Q

what does exogenous administration of insulin show ?

A

high levels of insulin

low levels of C-peptide and low proinsulin

41
Q

what results are found in factitious hypoglycemia involving injecting insulin without having DM?

A

high insulin
low C peptide
low proinsulin
sulfonylura is absent

42
Q

what results are found in factitious hypoglycemia involving sulfonylurea consumption in non DM?

A

high insulin
high C peptide
high proinsulin
high sulfonylurea levels

43
Q

what types of disordered are factitious disorders?

A

mental/ personality

44
Q

what is the most severe form of factitious disorders?

A

Munchhausen syndrome

stimulation of disease is central activity of these patients

Biochemistry Post Midterm (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions