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Disease Processes > Immune Disorders > Flashcards

Immune Disorders Flashcards

0
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity mechanisms are there?

A

4

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1
Q

What is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

An exaggerated or inappropriate adaptive immune response to an antigen/immunogen causing tissue damage

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A 
Immediate (type I)
Cytotoxic (type II)
Complex mediated (type III)
Delayed (type IV)
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3
Q

Which antibody mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Ig E

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4
Q

Which antibody mediates Type II hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgG

IgM

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5
Q

Which antibody mediates Type III hypersensitivity reactions?

A

IgG

IgM

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6
Q

Which antibody mediates Type IV hypersensitivity reactions?

A

T lymphocytes

Macrophages

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7
Q

What is anaphylaxis?

A

Generalised type I reaction, which leads to vasodilation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

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8
Q

What type sensitivity is cytotoxic?

A

Type II

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9
Q

What does complement activation lead to?

A

Cell lysis
Depositation of complement components
Macrophage and neutrophil activation

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10
Q

What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

Rhesus incompatibility

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11
Q

What are the effects of rhesus incompatibility?

A

Spontaneous abortion

Baby born with mild jaundice or HDN

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12
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is immune complex hypersensitivity?

A

III

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13
Q

When would type III hypersensitivity occur?

A

Persistent infection

Autoimmunity

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14
Q

What nature can immune complexes be?

A

Precipitates

Soluble

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15
Q

What are intrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

An occupational disease due to inhalation of immunogenic proteins or spores

16
Q

What are examples of intrinsic allergic alveolitis?

A

Farmers lung
Mushroom worker disease
Coffee worker disease

17
Q

What causes farmers lung?

A

Sensitisation to thermophilic actinomycetes spores from damp hay, years of exposure lead to high circulating levels of IgG and spore antigens. These complexes precipitate in the lung

18
Q

How does the precipitate in farmers lung cause emphysema (irreversible lung damage)?

A

Complement activates
Initiates inflammation
Destroys alveolar tissue
Fibrosis (tissue repair)

19
Q

What causes serum sickness?

A

Treatment of an active infection with antibodies

20
Q

How long before serum sickness symptoms develop?

A

7 days

21
Q

What are the symptoms of serum sickness?

A

Weakness, fever, skin rash, oedema

22
Q

What type of of hypersensitivity is contact hypersensitivity?

A

Type IV

23
Q

How long does type IV hypersensitivity take to develop?

A

72hrs to weeks

24
Q

What is contact hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

T lymphocytes and macrophages

25
Q

What can cause dermatitis (a type of contact hypersensitivity)?

A

Biological stains
Hair dyes
Urushiol (Poison ivy)

26
Q

What is sensitisation?

A

Initial contact leads to a cell mediated immune response

27
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

A breakdown of self tolerance

28
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

Failure to respond to self antigens

29
Q

What are the two types of self tolerance?

A

Central tolerance

Peripheral tolerance

30
Q

What characterises central tolerance?

A

Deletion of self reactive T cells

31
Q

What characterises peripheral tolerance?

A

Clonal anergy
Deletion
Active suppression
Presence of autoreactive B cells

32
Q

What causes the stimulation of self reactive lymphocytes?

A

Failure to eliminate self reactive lymphocytes
Failure of suppression
Occur after microbial infections

33
Q

What are the two types of autoimmunity?

A

Organ specific

Systemic

34
Q

What characterises organ specific autoimmunity?

A

Auto antigen localised to one organ

35
Q

What factors influence susceptibility to autoimmunity?

A

Genetics
Environmental
Hormonal

36
Q

What are the two types of immunodeficiency?

A

Primary

Acquired/secondary

37
Q

What characterises primary immunodeficiency?

A

T cell defect
B cell defect
Phagocytosis defect
Complement defect

38
Q

What causes secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Malnutrition
Treatment eg. X-rays
Infection (HIV)

Disease Processes (11 decks)

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