Immune System 1 Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Any organism with the ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

A

Bacteria

Virus

Fungi

Parasites (protozoa, worms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define: Immunogen

A

a molecule that causes the immune system to make a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define: antigen

A

part of immunogen that reacts with the immune effector cells or soluble antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define: epitope

A

part of the antigen that reacts with immune effector cells or soluble antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define: polymorphonuclear leukocyte

A

Immune cell containing granules with enzymes which are released during infection, allergic reaction of asthma.

Examples: oesinophils, neutrophils, basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two (immune) cell classes found in bone marrow?

A

Myeloid cells

Lymphoid cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 1 cell from each category of myeloid cells

A

1) Antigen presenting cells:
monocyte, macrophage, dendritic cell

2) Polymorphonuclear leukocytes:
basophil, neutrophil, oesinophil

3) mast cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which are the small lymphocytes?

A

B cells

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which are the large lymphocytes?

A

NK cells

NK = natural killer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the TWO primary lymphoid organs.

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the SIX secondary lymphoid organs.

A

Spleen

Adenoids

Tonsils

Appendix

Lymph nodes

Peyer’s patches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do B cells originate and mature?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which cells originate in the BONE MARROW?

A

B cells - mature in it

T cells - leave immature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is the THYMUS located?

A

Just above the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where do T cells migrate to mature ?

A

Migrate from bone marrow to the THYMUS to mature

Progress from cortex to medulla during differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In which sites do mature lymphocytes activate in response to invading pathogens?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where do lymph nodes lie?

A

At the junction of the network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels ?

A
  • They collect the plasma fluid (lymph) which continuously leaks from blood vessels
  • Lymph (fluid) returns to the blood vessles via the thoracic duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the largest lymphatic vessel in the human body?

A

Thoracic duct

75% of the body’s lymph (fluid) passes through it

21
Q

How do lymphocytes meet the pathogen?

A

Move from capillaries –> lymph nodes to meet pathogen

22
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A type of immune cell.
(Lymphocytes consist of B- T- and NK- cells)

Others include macrophages/monocytes, neutrophils

THESe ARE ALL TYPES OF WBCs!

23
Q

Which cells in immune system produce variable, slow and highly specific immune response?

24
Q

What is part of the immediate innate response ?

A

Defensins

Complement

25
What are the responses derived from complement activation?
Opsonisation Inflammation Lysis of pathogen Activation of B cell
26
Which 3 factors are part of the innate immune response?
Barriers Antimicrobial peptides Complement system
27
Name the 4 antimicrobial peptides
Histatins Cathelicidins Defensins Lectins
28
Which antimicrobial peptide is produced in the oral cavity and is involved in wound healing of the oral cavity
Histatins (short histidine peptides)
29
Which antimicrobial peptide is against fungi?
Histatins
30
Which antimicrobial peptides are against bacteria only? | 2 items
Cathelicidins Lectin
31
Which antimicrobial peptide is against both fungi and bacteria? (1 item)
Defensins
32
Which antimicrobial peptides are against viruses ? (2 items)
SOME defensine SOME histidines
33
Are neutrophils long or short lived?
Short lived
34
Are macrophages antigen presenting cells or not
Antigen presenting cell
35
Do neutrophils present early or late in the infection?
Early
36
Do macrophages present early or late in the infection?
Late
37
Where can neutrophils and macrophages be found?
N: Blood and tissues M: Tissues only
38
Which type of immunity are neutrophils and macrophages respectively involved in?
N: innate immunity M: innate and adaptive immunity
39
Are macrophages long or short lived?
Long lived
40
Molecular weight of cytokines
5-25 kDa
41
3 roles of cytokines in the induced innate immune response?
1. Mediate + regulate innate immunity - by neutrophils and macrophages 2. Medicate + regulate adaptive immunity - by T lymphocytes 3. Stimulate haematopoiesis - by bone marrow in stromal cells
42
What is the main feature involved in the lysis of a pathogen (complement system)
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
43
What is the main feature involved in opsonisation (complement system)
phagocytosis
44
What is the main feature involved in inflammation (complement system)
small fragments of complement (C3a and C5a)
45
What are the two major opsonin proteins?
Antibodies (main: IgG) C3b (fragment molecule of the complement system)
46
Role of opsonins
Enhance the phagocytosis of pathogens by making them more "tasty" for phagocytes to engulf
47
In phagocytosis, how are the pathogens killed and degraded?
Through the ROS and RNS derived from NO or Lysosomal enzymes e.g. elastase, lysosyme.
48
Which cytokines induce fever to reduce bacterial/viral replication?
IL-1 IL-6 TNF-alpha
49
What do monocytes differentiate to when they move from blood to tissues?
Macrophages