Immune System - Unit 4

Question 1

What are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd levels of protection signify?

Answer 1

Innate Immunity

Question 2

What is the ZU?

Answer 2

It is the group of assassins that are non-specific and kill any foreign invader.

Question 3

Where would it be best to put protection?

Answer 3

All over!

Question 4

What do the neutrophils do?

Answer 4

They are the first responder. They are directed by the cytokines.

Question 5

For the body, what is the first level of protection?

Answer 5

Mucosal fluids, normal flora.

Question 6

For the body, what is the second level of protection?

Answer 6

Endothelium, skin, membranes.

Question 7

For the body, what is the 3rd level of protection?

Answer 7

Macrophages, neutrophils, etc.

Question 8

What can harm the first level?

Answer 8

Antibiotics, etc.

Question 9

What can harm the second level?

Answer 9

Injury, etc.

Question 10

What can harm the third level?

Answer 10

Chemo, etc.

Question 11

What do the macrophages do?

Answer 11

They are the lookout “Marathon” man. They can fight for a long time.

Question 12

What do the neutrophils do?

Answer 12

They are the suicidal patrol man. They patrol….and die within hours. Once they kill one thing, they are done.

Question 13

What do the natural killer cells do?

Answer 13

They are the psychopath - they will kill any infected cell!

Question 14

What do the cytokines do?

Answer 14

They are released by the macrophages. They are the alarm system.

Question 15

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 15

It’s cell eating. om nom nom.

Question 16

Antimicrobial proteins can differentiate. T/F?

Answer 16

They do not differentiate.

Question 17

Why do we have vesicles, phagocytosis, etc?

Answer 17

It breaks it down and shows it off!

Question 18

What type of immunity happens if the innate immunity can’t handle it?

Answer 18

Adaptive Immunity!

Question 19

Who are the scientists?

Answer 19

B-Cells - they isolate the specific trait, create special drones (which are antibodies, sent by the B cells) that recognize the trait and deploy the drones.

Question 20

What do B-Cells become?

Answer 20

Plasma

Question 21

How is the General?

Answer 21

The helper T-Cell. It directs and motivates

Question 22

Who are the killer detectives?

Answer 22

Cytotoxic t-cells. They are trained to recognize the subtle signs of zombie infection and target those who appear to be infected.

Question 23

The helper cells - antigen presenting cells. What do they do?

Answer 23

They take the infection to the processing unit - the lymph node - so everyone can see it and know what to fight against.

Question 24

What’s the normal WBC level?

Answer 24

5,000-10,000

Question 25

What's the normal neutrophil percentage?

Answer 25

40-75%

Question 26

What's the normal band percentage?

Answer 26

Band = Immature neutrophil. 0-3%

Question 27

What's the normal seg percentage?

Answer 27

35-75%

Question 28

What's the normal lymphocyte percentage?

Answer 28

20-40%

Question 29

What's the normal monocyte percentage?

Answer 29

2-8%

Question 30

What's the normal eosinophil percentage?

Answer 30

0-3%

Question 31

What's the normal basophil percentage?

Answer 31

0-1%

Question 32

Neutrophils - if there are more bands, what is this called?

Answer 32

Left shift.

Question 33

Monocytes - what do they become?

Answer 33

They become macrophages once they are transferred into the cell.

Question 34

If Eosinophils are elevated, what does that mean?

Answer 34

There's a parasitic infection or an allergic response!

Question 35

Can basophils have a part in an allergic reaction?

Answer 35

Yes, but they die when they go to the scene so the level might actually go down.

Question 36

What does histamine do?

Answer 36

It causes vasodilation, so blood flow is increased to that area. It increases vascular permeability as well.

Question 37

Urticaria - def | Pruritus - def

Answer 37

Urticaria - hives. | Pruritus - itching.

Question 38

What is anaphylaxis? What do we do for it?

Answer 38

This is a severe allergic reaction. | The patient needs EPINEPHRINE!

Question 39

Possibility of anaphylaxis - what do we keep nearby?

Answer 39

A trach kit and oxygen - and suction stuff as well.

Question 40

What is type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 40

Anaphylactic shock - what we know!

Question 41

What is type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 41

Cytotoxic - it's autoimmune - antibodies produced by the immune system bind to antigens on the patient's own cell surface.

Question 42

What is type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 42

This occurs when antigen-antibody complexes that are not adequately cleared by innate immune cells accumulates, causing an inflammatory response and an attraction of leukocytes. Lupus is an example!

Question 43

What is type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 43

This is delayed type - it's cell-mediated. This could be like DM Type 1

Question 44

What is type 5 hypersensitivity?

Answer 44

This is a set of undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. Clinical examples include Graves disease and Myasthenia Gravis