Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Conditions + definitions > Infection - Immunisations + skin infections > Flashcards

Infection - Immunisations + skin infections Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the different types of vaccines?

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated
Detoxified exotoxin
Subunit of micro-organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are detoxified vaccines detoxified?

A

Toxin treated with formalin to form toxois

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are recombinant vaccines formed?

A

DNA segment coding for antigen mixed with plasmids, removed and purified
Inserted into yeasts + fermeneted to form more antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

Where cells remember the antigen and produce the antibody much quicker, instead of having to “develop” it first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the disadvantage of killed vaccines over live vaccines?

A

Multiple doses required to get same response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Who is vaccinated against TB?

A

Healthcare workenrs
New immigants
Areas of high prevelance
Anyone below 35 who had contact with TB patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A

Use of immunoglobulins to give immunity to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are common immunisations for travellers?

A 
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid
Hep A
Yellow fever
Cholera
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What drugs offer prophylaxis to malaria?

A

Malaron (proquanil + atovaquone_ daily
Doxycycline daily (photosensiticity)
Mefloquine (weekly)
Choloquine weekly + proqunail daily

Choice depends on country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is impetigo?

A

Superficial skin infection + multiple vesicular lesions on erythematous base
Golden crust highly suggestive of diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What organisms cause impetigo?

A

Most commonly - staph A

Less commonly - Strep pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is most likely to get impetigo?

A

Children 2-5 in age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does impetigo occur?

A

Highly infectious - occurs on exposed parts of body

Face + scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are predisposing factors of impetigo?

A 
Skin abrasions 
Minor Trauma / Burns 
Poor Hygiene 
Insect bites 
Chicken Pox 
Eczema / Atopic Dermatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do you treat impetigo?

A

Small - topical antibiotics

Large areas - topical treatment + oral antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is erysipelas?

A

Infection of upper dermis

Painful red area with elevated borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the symptoms of erysipelas?

A

Painful red area with no central clearing
Associated fever
Regional lymphadenopathy
Regional lymphangitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the most common causative agent of erysipelas?

A

Strep pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the recurrance rate of erysipelas?

A

30% in 3 yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does erysipelas occur?

A

70-80% on lower limb
5-20% face

Often in pre-exisiting lymphodema, obesity, DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the treatment for erysipelas?

A

Combination of anti-staphylococcal + anti-streptococcal agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is cellultitis?

A

Diffuse skin infection involving deep dermis + subcut fat

Erythematous area with no distinct borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What organisms are most likely to cause cellultitis?

A

Strep pyogenes
Staph aureus

Rare - H.influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the predisposing factors for cellultitis?

A

Diabetes
Tinea pedis
Lymphoedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the symptoms of cellultitis?
Erythematous area with no distinct border Fever common Regional lymphadenopathy + lympangitis
26
What is the treatment for cellultitis?
Combination of anti-staphylococcal + anti-streptococcal agents Severe - IV agents
27
What are the ahir related inections?
Folliculitis Furunculosis Carbuncles
28
What is superficial follulitis?
Erythema and pustule in a single follicle
29
What is follultitis?
Circumscribed pustulat infection of hair follicle Present as small red papules Central area that may rupture/drain
30
What is the most common causative agent for folliculitis?
Stap A
31
Where is folliculitis commonly found?
Head Back Buttocks Extremities
32
What is Furunculosis?
AKA boils Single hair follicle inflammatory nodule Extends into dermis + Sub cut tissue May sponateously drain
33
What are the common areas for furunculosis?
``` Moist, hiary areas (with no friction) Face Axilla Neck Buttocks ```
34
What is the most common causative organism of furnculosis?
Staph A
35
What are the risk factors for furunculosis?
``` Obesity Diabetes Mellitus Atopic dermatitis Chronic kidney disease Corticosteroid use ```
36
What is a carbuncle?
Deep follicular abscess of several follciles and draining points (multisepated abscesses) When infection has extended to involve multiple follicles (furuncles)
37
What locations are common sites for carbuncles?
Back of neck Posterior trunk Thigh
38
How do you treat hair-associated infections?
No treatment or topical antibiotics if needed for folliculitis + furnculosis Can administer oral antibiotics for furunculosis if no improvement Carbuncles require admission + surgery + IV antibiotics
39
What is necrotising fascitis?
Infectious disease emergency | Infection where bacteria consumes soft tissue/flesh
40
What are the predisposing factors to necrotising fascitis?
``` Diabetes mellitus Surgery Trauma Peripheral vascular disease Skin popping ```
41
What are the types of necroitisng fascitis?
``` Type 1 (mixed aerobi/anarebic) Type 2 - monomicrobial (oten strep pyogenes) ```
42
What organisms are associated with type 1 necrotising fascitis?
``` Streptococci Stapylococci Enterococci Gram negative bacilli Clostridium ```
43
What are the symptoms for necroitisng fascitis?
Rapid onset with sequential development of: Erythema, extensive oedema + severe, unremitting pain Haemorrhagic bullae, skin necrosis and crepitus may develop Systemic features: fever, hypotension, tachycardia, delerium + multiorgan failure
44
How do you manage necrotising fascititis?
``` Surgical review is mandatory Broadspectrum antibiotics Fluclocacilling Gentamicin Clindamycin ```
45
What is the mortality rate of necrotising fascitis?
17-40%
46
What is pyomyositis?
Deep purulent straited muscle infection Often abscess Infection secondary to damaged muscle
47
What are the common sites for pyomyositis?
``` Thigh Calf Arms Gluteal region Chest wall Psoas muscle ```
48
What are the predisposing factors of pyomyositis?
``` Diabetes mellitus Immunocomprimised IV drug use Rheumatological disease Malignancy Liver cirrhosis ```
49
What is the presentation of pyomyositis?
Fever, pain and woody induration of affected muscle | Can lead to septic shock
50
What is the most common causative organism of pymyositis?
Staph A
51
What other organisms can be involved in pyomyositis?
Gram positives/negatives TB Fungi
52
How do you treat pyomyositis?
Antibiotics based on investigations (culture results)
53
How do you investigate pyomyositis?
Gram stain + culture | CT/MRI
54
What is septic bursitis?
Bursae that have been infected from adjacent skin infection
55
What are the predisposing factor to septic bursitis?
``` Rheumatoid arthritis Alcoholism Diabetes mellitus IV drug use Immunosupression Renal insufficiency ```
56
How do you diagnose septic bursitis?
Aspiration of synovial fluid
57
What are the common sites of septic bursitis?
Elbow | Knee
58
How do you treat septic burisitis?
Antibiotics
59
What is infectious tenosynovitis?
Infection of tendon sheathes
60
Which sheathes are most commonly affected in infectious tenosynovitis?
Flexor muscle tendons of hand
61
What is the most common causative agent of infectious tenosynovitis?
Staph A | Streptococci
62
How does infectious tenosynovitis present?
Erythematous fusiform swelling around tendons Fingers in flexed position Tenderness on tendon sheath Pain on extension of finger
63
How do you treat infectious tenosynovisitis?
Empiric antiobiotics | Hand surgeon to review
64
What causes toxin-mediated syndromes?
Superantigens - a group of pyrogenic exotoxins
65
How are these superantigens different?
The antigens bypass normal measures and activate the T cell receptors directly (~2000% times more) Massive burst in cytokine release
66
What does this burst in cytokine release lead to?
Leads to endothelial leackage, multi-organ failure and death | Also haemodynamic shock
67
What are the most likely agents to cause toxin-mediated syndromes? (what antigens do they release?)
``` Staph A (TSST1 + ETA/ETB) Strep pyogenes TSST1 ```
68
How do you diagnose staphyloccoal toxic shock syndrome?
``` Fever Hypotension Macular rash (diffuse) Multiple organs involved Isolation of staph a from sterile sites ```
69
What is stretococcal TSS associated with?
Streorocci in deep seated infections - erysipelas/necrotising fascitis
70
How do you treat TSS?
``` Remove offending agent IV fluids Inotropes Antiobiotics IV immunoglobulins ```
71
What is staphyloccoal scaled skin syndrome?
Infection via staph A releaseing ETa/B (exfoliative toxin) | More common in children
72
How does staphyloccoal syndorme present?
Widespread bullae and skin exfoliation
73
How do you treat staphyloccoal scalded skin syndrome?
IV fluids + antimicrobials
74
What is panton-valentine leuconcidin toxin?
Gamma haemolysin | Often staph A
75
How do patients present with panton valentine leucoidin toxin?
Skin + soft tissue infection Haemorrhagic pneumonia Recurrent boils
76
How do you treat panton-valentine leucocidin toxin?
Antiobiotics that reduce toxin production
77
What type of infection is an IV catheter infection?
Nosocmial
78
What is the presentation of an IV catheter infection?
Local skin and soft tissue inflammation --> cellultitis Sometimes tissue necoris Associated bacteraemia
79
What are the risk factors for IV cather assocaited infection?
24hr + continuous infection 72+ canula in situ Lower limb cannula
80
What are the common causative agents in IV catheter infections?
Staph A
81
What is the normal pathway for an IV catheter infection?
Biofilm which spills into bloodstream | Can seed other places (endocarditis etc)
82
How do you diagnose IV catheter infection?
Clinically or blood cultures
83
How do you treat an IV catheter infection?
Remove cannula Excise any pus Antibiotcs for 14 days Echocardiogram PREVENTION first
84
What are the classifications for surgical site wounds?
``` 4 classes Clean wound Clean contaminated wound Contaminated wound Infected wound ```
85
What is a class 1 (clean wound) surgical infection?
Respiratory, alimentary, genital or urinary system not been entered
86
What is a class 2 (clean contaminated wound) surgical infection?
Respiratory, alimentary, genital or urinary system entered, but no unusual contamination
87
What is a class 3 (contaminated wound) surgical infection?
Open, fresh accidental wounds or gross spillage from intestinal tract
88
What is a class 4 (infected wound) surgical infection?
Exisitng clinical infection (before operation)
89
What are the main causes of a surgical site infection?
``` Staph A Coagulase negative staphylococci Enterococcus E coli Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Enterobacter Streptococci Fungi Anaerobes ```
90
What are the risk factors of surgical site infections? (patient associated)
``` Diabetes Smoking Obesity Malnutrition Steroid use Colonisation of staph A ```
91
What are the procederal risk factors for a surgical site infection?
``` Site shaved night before operation Improper preop skin prep Improper antimicrobial prphylaxis/sterile technique Insufficient theatre ventillation Perioperative hypoxia ```
92
How do you diagnose surgical site infections?
Avoid superficial swabs - aim deep Antibiotics Send pus/tissue for cultures!

Conditions + definitions (68 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions