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Conditions + definitions > Resp - embryology > Flashcards

Resp - embryology Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

When does the embryonic stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

3-8 weeks

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2
Q

When does the pseudo-glangular stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

5-17 weeks

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3
Q

When does the canalicular stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

16-26 weeks

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4
Q

When does the saccular stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

24-38 weeks

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5
Q

When does the alveolar stage of lung morphogenesis take place?

A

36weeks - 2-3 years

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6
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Where the sperm and ovum have fused to form a diploid cell called the zygote

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7
Q

What is a Morula?

A

The ball of cells formed from mitotic division of the zygote

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8
Q

How does the morula transform into a blastocyst?

A

As the morula continues to grow, nutrition to centre becomes difficult
Therefore a cavity called the blastocystic cavity forms
Cells accumulate at one end, called inner cell mass

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9
Q

What is a trophoblast?

A

The outer lining of cells of the blastocyst

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10
Q

When is the blastocyst ready for implantation?

Where does this usually take place?

A

Day 5-6

Inside uterine endometrial layer

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11
Q

How does hte blastocyst implant?

A

The blastocyst begins to bury itself into the endometrium of the womb with the chorion playing an important part

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12
Q

What eventually forms the placenta?

A

The chorion

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13
Q

What does the chorion secrete?

A

Human Chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)

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14
Q

How does the chorion develop?

A

Trophoblast forms two layers
Goes on to form chorion
Develops chorionic villi

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15
Q

What happens to the inner cell mass?

A

They form the bilaminar disc
Thus separating the blastocyst cavity into two
>Amniotic cavity
>Yolk sac

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16
Q

What is the maternal part of the palcenta?

A

Decidua basalisof endometrium

Rough + maternal blood vessels

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17
Q

What is the foetal part of the placenta like?

A

Smooth with foetal blood vessels + endo of umbilical cord

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18
Q

When does the placenta mature?

A

18-20 weeks

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19
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Twins from two separate ovum

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20
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Twins fom same ovum (identical)

Share placenta, may not share amniotic/chorionic sac

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21
Q

What is the primitive streak?

A

A dipping of cells of the epiblast (invagination) in the midline
Forms axis of embryo

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22
Q

How are the three germ layers formed?

A

Epiblast cells migrate to space between epiblast + hypoblast
Displace hypoblast
Forms trilaminar disc = three germ layers
>Ectoderm
>Mesoderm
>Endoderm

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23
Q

What is the notochord?

A

Cells from the primitive streak sink down forming a solid tube of cells
This is called the Notocord

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24
Q

What is neurulation?

A

Formation of the neural tube

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25
How does the neural tube form?
Neural plate sinks down from ectoderm Invaginates to form a tube This is induced by the notocord
26
How does the mesoderm develop?
``` The neural tube induces the mesoderm to thicken It then splits into three parts >Paraxial mesoderm >Intermediate plate mesoderm >Lateral plate mesoderm ```
27
What does the lateral plate mesoderm split into?
A somatic splanchinic mesoderm And somatic mesoderm Space between is the intraembryonic coelom
28
What does the paraxial mesoderm go on to form?
Somites
29
What does the intermediate plate mesoderm go on to form?
Urogenital system
30
What does the lateral plate mesoderm go on to form?
Body cavity and coverings >Peritoneum >Pleura
31
When does the heart start to beat?
Day 24
32
What is the gut formed from?
Endoderm
33
How many pairs of somites are there?
43
34
What folds does the embyro go under?
Lateral fold | Head and tail fold
35
What do the somites divide into?
Dermatome Myotome Sclerotome
36
What does the ectoderm form?
Epidermis of skin | Neural tube
37
What does the endoderm form?
Gut | Respiratory system
38
When is the foetus most sensitive to teratogens?
Weeks 3-8
39
Where does the respiratory system develop from?
Ventral wall of foregut
40
How does the respiraotry primordium develop?
A median outgrowth of foregut called laryngotracheal groove | >Develops caudal to 4th pair of pharyngeal pouches
41
How does the larynx develop?
The laryngotracheal groove becomes the paryngeal inlet With arytenoid swellings + laryngeal cartilages growing off the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches The epiglottis then forms from the caudal part of the hypopharyngeal eminence
42
What is laryngeal atresia?
A rare birth defect due to a failure of recanalisation | Obstructs foetus' upper airway
43
How does the lung bud develop?
Laryngotracheal groove gives rise to laryngotracheo diverticulum This becomes invested with mesoderm and enlarges to form a lung bud
44
From where does the trachea develop?
The endoderm of the laryngotracheal tube forms the pulmonary epithelium and glands of trachea The splanchnic mesenchyme forms the cartilage, muscles and connective tissue
45
What is a tracheo-oesophageal fistula?
Where the trachea and oesophagus do not separate properly, leaving an abnormal passage. Either blind end (atresia), or connections.
46
What is the pseudoglandular stage of lung development?
Lung resembles exocrine gland | Major structures formed, but nor gas exchange
47
What happens in the embryonic phase of lung development?
Trachea has formed The main bronchi have formed All the way to tertiary bronchi
48
What happens in the canalicular stage of lung development?
Lumina of bronchi and terminal bronchioles enlarge Vascularity increases Respiration possible by end of stage Foetus may survive in ITU
49
What happens in the saccular stage of lung development?
More terminal sacs develop Capillaries invade these sacs + squamous epithelium develop at sac ends Forms Type 1/2 pneumocytes Blood/air barrier developed
50
When does surfactant production begin?
Week 20-22
51
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
Surfactant deficiency where child's lungs don't inflate | Common in premature children
52
What happens in the alveolar stage of lung development?
Formation of alveoli from terminal sacs Alveoli enlarge Continues after birth >Increase in size and number
53
What are the congenital conditions of lung development?
``` Lobe of azygous vein Congenital lung cysts Agenesis of lungs Lung hypoplasia Accessory lung ```
54
What components does the diaphragm develop from?
Septum transversum Pleuroperitoneal membranes Dorsal mesentary of oesophagus Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
55
Why is the phrenic nerve root values C3-C5?
Septum transversum originally opposite C3-C5 somites Migrates caudally during diaphgram development Brings with it the C3-C5 spinal nerves
56
What are common defects of the diaphgram?
Posteriolateral defect Congeital hiatus hernia Retrosternal hernia Acecssory diaphgram
57
What abnormalities can form in the embryonic phase of lung development?
Pulmonary agenesis Tracheo-oesophageal fistula Tracheal/laryngeal stenosis
58
What abnormalities can form in the pseudoglandular phase of lung development?
Pulmonary sequestration cystadenomatoid malformation cyst formation
59
When does the diaphgram close?
By around 18 weeks
60
Which side is a diaphragmatic hernia more likely to be on? What does it lead to?
Left more than right Leads to pulmonary hyerplasia + Persistant pulmonary hypertension
61
How do you treat respiratory distress syndrome?
``` Antenatal glucocorticoids Surfactant replacement Oxygen CPAP Mechanical ventilation ```
62
What is chronic neonatal lung disease associated with?
Increased bronchiolitis severity Asthma Future COPD

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