Insulin & Oral Antidiabetics Flashcards
(40 cards)
Is insulin a pancreatic catabolic hormone that promotes nutrient use?
No- anabolic and promotes storage
What three things increase pancreas beta cells release of insulin?
- Vagal innervation
- GI hormones
- Glucose, A.A.
What are insulins effects on liver?
increase glycogen and trig. synthesis,
inhibits glyogenolysis, glycogenesis and ketogenesis
What are insulins effects on muscle?
increase glucose and amino acid uptake. Increase glycogen and protein synthesis.
What is insulins effect on adipose tissue?
increase triglyceride storage and inhibits lipolysis
What if anabolic reactions can’t take place?
anabolic/catabolic balance is disturbed and catabolic prevail
The metabolic changes that occur in DM are similar to those that occur during what?
fasting [if you have nothing to eat, you use and eventually deplete your stored nutrients.]
What is the etiology of diabetes mellitus?
decrease insulin production or increase in insulin resistance
Review epidemiology of diabetes
8% incidence, 20 million people in 2011, $245 billion
What percentage are insulin dependent diabetes cases? what are they due to? detection? what age?
- 5-10%
- autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- very low undetectable insulin
- diagnose before 30
What percentage is not insulin dependent? due to what? insulin levels? insulin response? onset age?
- 90%
- decreased responsiveness
- subnormal
- blunted
5 usually over 40 and overweight
What is gestational diabetes due to?
steroid induced insulin resistance- 7% of pregnancies –mostly 3rd trimester
What drugs induce DM?
glucocorticoids or growth hormones
What are the 4 therapeutic approaches to Type 1 DM?
- insulin
- insulin and pramlintide
- diet
- exercise
What are the 4 therapeutic approaches to Type 2 DM?
- diet
- Exercise
- anti-diabetic drugs individually or in combo
- insulin
What are the 3 things we do for gestational diabetes?
- diet and exercise
- insulin. only FDA approved
- Some oral anti-diabetic drugs (sulfonylureas and biguanides)
What are the major complications of diabetes?
end-stage renal disease, heart disease, stroke, hypertension, blindness, peripheral neuropathy
What do sulfonylureas meglitides and nateglinide attack>
ATP sensitive K channels in the beta cells
What do biguanides do?
reduce hepative gluconeogenesis by inhibiting mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, antagonize the actions of glucagon
What do thiazolidinediones act on?
PPARy in muscle, adipose, and liver
Incretins or inhibitors of incretin degradation effect what cells?
alpha and beta cells in pancreas
amylin analogs affect what cells?
alpha cells and CNS
What receptor do we try to affect in the kidney?
inhibitors of sodium glucose co-transporter
What does insulin form in concentrated solutions?
dimers and hexamers, but they are absorbed slowly when injected
