Integument (complete) Flashcards
1
Q
What makes up the integument
A
- skin
- nails
- Hair
- Sweat glands
- sebaceous glands
2
Q
What is the largest organ in the body
A
the skin
3
Q
What are the 7 functions of the integument
A
PPTIMES
- Protection
- prevent water loss
- Temperature regulation
- Immune defense
- Metabolic regulation
- Excretion by means of secretion
- Sensory receptor
4
Q
What are the layers of the integument
A
Epidermis
Dermis
(Hypodermis is not part of the integument)
5
Q
Is the hypodermis part of the integument
A
no
6
Q
What kind of tissue is the epidermis
A
epithelial tissue
7
Q
What kind of tissue is the dermis
A
connective tissue
8
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep
A
- Stratum Corneum
- Stratum Lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum Spinosum
- Stratum basale
9
Q
What kind of epithelium is the epidermis
A
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
What are the different kinds of cells in the epidermis
A
- Keratinocytes
- Epidermal dendritic cells
- tactile cells (merkel cells)
- Melanocytes
11
Q
What is the state of the cells of the stratum corneum
A
They are all dead cells that will fall off eventually
12
Q
Which of the 5 layers of the epidermis is only found in areas where the skin is thick
A
Stratum Lucidum
13
Q
What does the junction between the epidermis and the dermis look like
A
it is not flat, it is ondulating. (it has a bunch of little peaks and valleys in it)
14
Q
What is the movement (through which layers) of an individual keratinocyte in the epidermis
A
it starts in the stratum basale, and moves superficial through all of the layers until it reaches the stratum corneum
15
Q
Which cell type is the most common cell type in the epidermis
A
keratinocytes
16
Q
what is the function of keratinocytes
A
they secrete keratin, which helps strengthen the skin
17
Q
What is keratin
A
a hard protective protein
18
Q
What are epidermal dendritic cells
A
Macrophages, they keep the epidermis clean
19
Q
What are the tactile or merkel cells
A
they are cells that are attached to the nerves near the surface of the skin to help transmit information to the brain
20
Q
What are the melanocytes
A
cells that secrete melanin
21
Q
What is the function of melanin
A
it is dark substance that helps protect the body from UV radiation
22
Q
What do we call an area in the skin where melanocytes are overactive
A
moles or freckles
23
Q
What stimulates melanocytes to become more active
A
UV radiation
24
Q
What are the factors that affect skin color
A
Hemoglobin (red hue)
Melanin (dark/brown hue)
Carotene (orange hue)
25
What is hemangioma, and what does it look like
it is a benign tumor of blood vessels (too many capillaries in one spot)
it is also called a strawberry hemangioma or port wine stain and it is a dark red stain on the skin
26
What is vitligo and what does it look like
it is depigmentation, a place where melanocytes aren't active, or fail to make melanin.
It is just a spot on the skin without any color
27
What is albinism, and what does it look like
it is a congential disorder where melanocytes don't make melanin.
it is a complete lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes
28
What is a potential problem with albinism
a high danger of sunburn and skin cancer
29
What are the layers of the dermis
1. Papillary layer
| 2. Reticular layer
30
Which layer of the dermis is more superficial
papillary layer
31
which layer of the dermis is more deep
reticular layer
32
what kind of connective tissue is the papillary layer of the dermis
areolar connective tissue
33
what kind of connective tissue is the reticular layer of the dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
34
Which layer of the skin (dermis or epidermis) is more vascularized
the dermis
35
which layer of the skin (dermis or epidermis) is more innervated
the dermis
36
What structure in the dermis causes goosebumps
the arrector pili muscle
37
What purpose does the raising of hairs by the arrector pili muscle serve for us
none, it is functional in more hairy animals
38
What is the more common name for striae
stretch marks
39
What causes striae (stretch marks)
torn collagen fibers (the skin stretches more than the collagen is able to)
40
What can help with stretch marks after they are formed
vitamin E
41
What causes wrinkles
decreased flexibility and thickness of the dermis
42
What are cleavage lines
they are lines that show in which direction collagen fibers are running (collagen fibers have a sort of grain like wood)
43
what performing surgery cutting in which direction in relation to cleavage lines will result in less scarring
cutting parallel to the cleavage lines will result in less scarring
44
What kinds of tissue make up the hypodermis (subcutaneous) layer
areolar and adipose tissue
45
What are the functions of the hypodermis
ATE
1. anchors skin to the underlying tissues
2. thermal insulation
3. Energy reservoir
46
in which layer do you find the epidermal dendritic cells
stratum spinosum
47
in which layer of the epidermis do you find the tactile cells and the melanocytes
stratum basale
48
What are the dermal papillae
the mound like extensions of the dermis into the bottom of the epidermis
49
What are the structures of the nail
1. nail matrix (place from where the nail grows)
2. lunula (white part of the nail near its base)
3. cuticle (skin laying on the nail)
4. Free edge (part you clip off)
50
What are the three types of hair
1. Luango
2. Vellus
3. Terminal
51
Where do you find luagno hari
on new born babies
52
where do you find vellus hair, and what is it like
its the fine, hard to see hair all over the body
53
where do you find terminal hair, and what is it like
it is the dark course hair that you find on the head, facial hair, armpits, pubic region
54
What are the functions of hair
SRP
1. Sense touch
2. reduce heat loss
3. Protection
55
What are the parts of hair
1. follicle
2. root
3. shaft
(arrector pili muscle)
56
does hair contain keratin
yes
57
What is allopecia
the thinning of hair in specific locations
58
What is diffuse hair loss
the thinning of hair all over the head
59
What is male pattern baldness
the thinning of hair on the top of the head and the upper back part of the head
60
can women have "male pattern baldness"
yes, but they use some other name
61
What are the two influences on male pattern baldness
genetics and hormones
62
which hormone specifically causes male pattern baldness
testosterone (it causes terminal hair to revert back to vellus hair)
63
how is male pattern baldness passed from generation to the next
it is X-linked, so it is passed from mother to son
64
What is an endocrine gland
a gland that secretes its product into the blood (hormones)
65
what are exocrine glands
a gland that secretes its product into ducts, or out onto the skin
66
What are the types of exocrine glands
1. Sebacious (oil) glands
| 2. Sudoriforous (sweat) glands
67
What is the product of sebacious glands
sebum
68
what are the two types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands
Merocrine (eccrine)
| Apocrine
69
Which is more numerous merocrine, or apocrine glands
merocrine
70
what is the sweat like from merocrin glands
watery
71
what is the sweat like from apocrine glands
viscous
72
Where do you find merocrine (sudoriferous) glands
all over the body
73
where do you find apocrin (sudoriferous) glands
in the armpits, nipples, and genital areas
74
What causes acne
blocked sebacious glands
75
where do you find sebacious glands
mostly on the face, a little all over the body, none on the palms of your hands or soles of your feet
76
What is in the sweat of merocrine glands
mostly water, some electrolytes
77
what is in the sweat of apocrine glands
protein, fats (these are used by bacteria as energy, and that is what makes Body Odor)
78
Breast milk is modified _____________ Sweat
apocrine
79
How do you differentiate between the three degrees of burns
how deep the burn goes
80
what is a first degree burn
only the epidermis is damaged
81
what does a first degree burn look like
red skin (a sunburn)
82
what is a second degree burn
when the epidermis and only part of the dermis is damaged
83
in which type of burn do you see blisters
a 2nd degree burn (fluid between the epidermis and dermis)
84
What is a third degree burn
a burn that damages the entire epidermis, and the entire dermis (it can be much worse than just that too though)
85
How are % of skin affected by burns calculated
```
9% groups
Head = 9%
each upper limb = 9%
trunk = 36%
genitles = 1%
each lower limb is 18%
```
This is a little different for children
86
What are the three types of skin cancer
1. basal cell carcinoma
2. squamous cell carcinoma
3. malignant carcinoma
87
What is the most common type of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
88
what is the least deadly type of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
89
where does a basal cell carcinoma originate
in the stratum basale
90
Which type of skin cancer arises from keratinocytes
squamous cell carcinoma
91
which is the most deadly type of skin cancer
malignant melanoma
92
From where does a malignant melanoma occur
the melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole)
93
What is the most crucial thing for overcoming malignant melanoma
early detection
94
What are the ABCDs of malignant melanoma recognition
```
A = asymmetry (half of the mole doesn't match the other)
B = Border (irregular or blurred border)
C = Color (not uniform, different shades)
D = diameter (larger than a 1/4 inch)
```
95
What is Eczema
dryness and skin rash
96
In what two types of people is Eczema common
babies and people with asthma
97
is Eczema contagious
nope
98
What is psoriasis
an overproduction of skin cells (keratinocytes)
99
What are the symptoms of psoriasis
beefy red plaques
silver scaling skin
often on the scalp
100
is psoriasis contagiuos
no
101
what is the cure for psoriasis
there isn't one
102
What is rosacea
redness of the skin, papules, and pustules
103
what can lead to rosacea
extreme temperatures
severe sunburn
alcohol consumption
medications
104
What is urticaria
red raised itchy bumps
105
what is another name for urticaria
hives
106
what causes urticaria
may be caused by allergic reactions
107
What are warts
bumps on the skin caused by HPV (human papilloma virus)
108
What is cellulitis
inflammation of dermis and hypodermis
109
when does cellulitis usually occur
at the site of a wound, or an IV drug injection site
110
What is impetigo
highly contagious sores, usually on children
111
what causes impetigo
a bacterial infection
1. staphylococcus aureus
2. strepococcus pyogenes
112
What is a decubitus ulcer
a sore caused by pressure (a bedsore)
113
what is the technical name for a bedsore
decubitus ulcer
114
where are the most common locations of decubitus ulcers
sacrum
coccyx
heels
hips
115
What is a keloid
a benign overgrowth of cartilage (excessive scarring)
116
What is necrotizing fasciitis
Flesh eating bacteria
117
what kinds of bacteria cause necrotising fasciitis
staph, strep, MRSA (methicilin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
118
in what tissue does necrotising fasciitis occur
in the hypodermis
119
How common is necrotising fasciitis
rare
