Blood (complete) Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system
A
- Heart
- Vessels
- Blood
2
Q
What are the Three main functions of the blood
A
- Transportation
- Regulation
- Protection
3
Q
What does blood transport
A
- Oxygen
- CO2
- nutrients
- Hormones
- Waste
4
Q
What part of the blood transports oxygen and CO2
A
Red blood cells
5
Q
What is the part of the blood that transports hormones, nutrients and waste
A
The plasma
6
Q
What does the blood help the body to regulate
A
- temperature
- body pH
- body fluid levels
7
Q
What part of the blood helps the body regulate temperature
A
the plasma
8
Q
How does the blood help protect the body
A
- protection from infection
- transports infection fighting antibodies
- forms blood clots
9
Q
What is the average blood volume in an adult
A
between 4-6 liters
10
Q
what is the average temperature of the blood
A
38 degrees celcius
100.4 degrees farenheight
11
Q
is blood more or less viscous than water
A
more
12
Q
is blood acidic, neutral, or alkaline
A
slightly alkaline (pH = 7.35 - 7.45)
13
Q
What is the hematocrit
A
a measurement of the percentage of blood that is made up of RBC’s
14
Q
What is the typical hematocrit for men, and for women
A
Men = 40% - 54% Women = 37% - 47%
15
Q
What are the typical percentages of blood composition of plasma, buffy coat, and Red blood cells
A
plasma = 55%
buffy coat = 1%
Red blood cells = 44%
16
Q
What can cause changes to hematocrit naturally
A
- hormone changes
2. altitude changes
17
Q
What is the effect of blood doping
A
increased hematocrit, which is thought to favorably affect muscle performance
18
Q
What are the two ways that people do blood doping
A
- they remove and store a unit of blood, then wait for the body to replace the lost blood and reinject the blood back into the body
- they use EPO (erythropoetin stimulates RBC production)
19
Q
What can be a danger of blood doping
A
it increases the viscosity of the blood, which can lead to heart failure
20
Q
What makes up plasma
A
- Water
- Proteins
- Other solutes
21
Q
What percentage of plasma is water, proteins, and other solutes
A
Water is 92%
Proteins are 7%
Other solutes are 1%
22
Q
What makes up the buffy coat
A
platelets and leukocytes
23
Q
What are the 4 main protein types in the blood
A
Albumins
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory proteins
24
Q
list the blood plasma proteins from most abundent to least abundent
A
Albumins (60%)
Globulins (35%)
Fibrinogen (4%)
Regulatory proteins (1%)
25
What do albumins do in the blood
transport substances (fatty acids, thyroid, and steroid hormones)
26
What do globulins do in the blood
1. They are antibodies (immunoglobins)
| 2. Transport globulins (proteins)
27
What does fibrinogen do in the blood
they help form clots
| they produce long-insoluble strands of fibrin
28
What are examples of regulatory proteins that can be found in blood plasma
insulin, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH
29
what is found in RBCs (Red blood cells)
Hemoglobin
30
Are there nuclei, and mitochondria is RBCs or any organelles
nope
31
What is the function of Hemoglobin
it binds and transports Oxygen to the cells, and carbon dioxide from the cells
32
What causes blood to be red
hemoglobin
33
In Men and women, how many RBCs will there be in 1 microliter of whole blood on average
```
Males = 4.5-6.3 million
Females = 4.2 - 5.5 million
```
34
What is the shape of a red blood cell
it is a biconcave disk
35
what is significant about a RBC having a biconcave disk shape
1. they have a high surface to volume ratio
| 2. this allows them to pick up and release Oxygen and CO2 quickly
36
What is a rouleaux
when RBCs stack up in while traveling through small vessels
37
Are RBCs flexible
yes, they bend and flex while entering small capillaries
38
How long is the life cycle of a RBC
120 days
39
Where are RBCs formed
in the red bone marrow
40
what is a erythrocyte
a red blood cell
41
What happens to aged erythrocytes
they are phagocytized in the liver and spleen
42
what organs break down old and used RBCs
the liver and spleen (not the kidneys)
43
What is the normal hemoglobin amounts in an adult male
13-18 g/dL of whole blood
44
What is the normal hemoglobin amounts in an adult female
12-16 g/dL of whole blood
45
What is the structure of hemoglobin
- 4 globular protein subunits
- 4 Heme units (1 per protein subuint)
- 4 Iron units (1 per protein subunit)
46
What is is the purpose of the iron in hemoglobin
it can bind and release oxygen easily
47
What does hemoglobin do in high O2 areas like the lungs
it binds O2 and releases CO2
48
What does hemoglobin do in lower O2 areas like the tissues.
it releases O2 and binds CO2 and carries the CO2 to the lungs where it will release it and pick up oxygen
49
what percent of the circulating RBCs are worn out per day (phagocytized in the liver and spleen)
1%
50
How many RBCs are phagocytized in the liver and spleen per second
3 million
51
What are the parts left after macrophages of the spleen, liver, and bone have phagocytized the Hemoglobin of an RBC
globular proteins
Heme
Iron
52
what happens to the globular proteins from the breakdown of hemoglobin
they are converted into amino acids
53
what happens to the heme that is leftover from the breakdown of hemoglobin
it is converted into biliverdin, then into bilirubin and excreted
54
What happens to the iron that is leftover from the breakdown of hemoglobin
it is used in transport proteins and storage proteins
55
What is hemoglobinuria
when the products of the breakdown of hemoglobin are found in the urine due to excessive hemolysis in the bloodstream
56
What is hematuria
when whole red blood cells are found in the urine due to kidney or tissue damage
57
what happens after biliverdin is converted into bilirubin
it is excreted by the liver with bile
58
What do you call it when you have too much bilirubin
jaundice
59
What is erythropoiesis
the creation of RBCs
60
in adults where does erythropoiesis occur
in the red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
61
What building blocks do you need to build red blood cells
1. amino acids
2. iron
3. Vitamin B 12
4. Vitamin B 6
5. folic acid
62
What is pernicious anemia
Low RBC production due to lack of vitamin B 12
63
What is the hormone that stimulates Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
64
What stimulates the secretion of EPO
low oxygen (hypoxia)
65
What causes hypoxia
usually disease or high altitude
66
What are different stages of erythropoiesis
1. Hemocytoblast
2. Myeloid Stem cell
3. Proerythroblast
4. Reticulocyte
5. Mature erythroblast
67
What happens in the change from a proerythroblast to a reticulocyte
the proerythroblast ejects it nucleus and becomes a reticulocyte
68
At what point in erythropoiesis is a cell put into the blood stream
while it is a reticulocyte
69
What is polycythemia
too many erythrocytes in the blood
70
What is the main problem with polycythemia
increases viscosity of the blood, placing strain on the heart
71
What is anemia
too few RBCs, leads to low O2
72
What determines what blood type you are
the antigens on the surface of your RBCs
73
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type A blood
A - antigen
| anti B - antibodies
74
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type B blood
B - antigen
| anti A - antibodies
75
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type AB blood
A and B antigens
| Neither anti A or anti B antibodies
76
What type of antigens, and antibodies are found in type O blood
neither A or B antigens
| Both anti A and anti B antibodies
77
What does it mean if you are + for the RH factor
that you have the RH antigen, and no antibodies
78
what does it mean if you are - for the RH factor
they you do not have the RH antigen and you still dont have the antibodies until you are exposed to the antigen (this usually occurs when a RH- mother gives birth to an RH + baby, this will create a problem if the RH- mother gives birth to a second RH + baby)
79
What blood type is the universal donor
type O -
80
What blood type is the universal acceptor
type AB +
81
What test is done to see if a blood transfusion will be successful
An agglutination test
82
How do you know if an agglutination test is unsuccessful
you sill see agglutination, or clumping of cells
83
how do you know if an agglutination test is successful
you will see no agglutination or clumping of cells
84
What are some major differences between leukocytes and erythrocytes
1. leukocytes are larger
2. they don't have hemoglobin
3. they have a nucleus and organelles
4. they function in immunity
85
What are the functions of leukocytes (white blood cells)
1. Initiate the immune response
2. defend against pathogens
3. Remove toxins and waste
4. attack abnormal cells
86
Where are most WBCs found
in connective tissue proper and lymphatic system organs
87
how many WBCs are actually found in the blood
small amounts
| 5000 to 10000 per microliter
88
What is diapedesis
WBCs leaving the blood and entering the tissues
89
What is chemotaxis
WBCs being attracted to the site of infection by damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens
90
What are the 5 types of leukocytes
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
4. monocytes
5. lymphocytes
91
arrange the 5 types of leukocytes from most common in the body to least common
1. neutrophils ( 50 - 70%)
2. lymphocytes (20 - 30%)
3. monocytes (2-8%)
4. eosinophils (2-4%)
5. basophils (less than 1%)
92
what are the two different categories of leukocytes
granulocytes and Agranulocytes
93
which of the leukocytes are granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
94
Which of the leukocytes are agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
95
What are the main characteristics of Neutrophils
1. most common leukocyte
2. first to respond
3. very active
4. phagocytize pathogens
5. form pus
96
What are the main characteristic of Eosinophils
1. small amount
2. destroy parasites
3. excrete toxic compounds
4. important in allergies
5. stain red typically
97
What are the main characteristics of basophils
1. least common
2. release histamine
3. release heparin
4. stain blue typically
98
What are the main characteristic of lymphocytes
1. 2nd most common leukocyte
2. larger than RBCs
3. reside in lymphatic tissues and move in and out of blood
4. coordinates immune response
5. Tcells, B cells, Natural killer cells
99
What are the main characteristics of monocytes
1. small amount
2. Exits the blood and becomes a macrophage
3. phagocytize pathogens and debris
4. atrract fibrocytes and immune cells to the injury
100
What are the three main types of lymphocytes
1. B-lymphocytes
2. T-Lymphocytes
3. Natural killer cells
101
What do B-lymphocytes do
1. function in humoral immunity
2. differentiate into plasma cells
3. synthesize antibodies
102
What do T-lymphocytes do
1. Cell-Mediated immunity
| 2. Directly attack foreign cells
103
What do Natural Killer Cells do
Detect and Destroy abnormal tissue cells (cancers)
104
What is Leukopoiesis
White Blood Cell production
105
What are the two types of stem cells that differentiate into white blood cells
Myeloid stem cells
| lymphoid stem cells
106
What types of leukocytes differentiate from myeloid stem cells
all White Blood Cells except lymphocytes
107
What types of leukocytes differentiate from lymphoid stem cells
Lymphocytes
108
What are the different stages of differentiation of a basophil
1. hemoctyoblast
2. Myeloid Stem cell
3. Progenitor cell
4. Myeloblast
5. Myleocyte
6. Band Cell
7. Basophil
(same as eosinophils and neutrophils)
109
What are the different stages of differentiation of a eosinophil
1. hemoctyoblast
2. Myeloid Stem cell
3. Progenitor cell
4. Myeloblast
5. Myleocyte
6. Band Cell
7. eosinophil
(same as basophils and neutrophils)
110
What are the different stages of differentiation of a neutrophil
1. hemoctyoblast
2. Myeloid Stem cell
3. Progenitor cell
4. Myeloblast
5. Myleocyte
6. Band Cell
7. neutrophil
(same as basophils and eosinophils)
111
What are the different stages of differentiation of platelets
1. Hemocytoblast
2. Myeloid Stem cell
3. Progenitor cell
4. Megakaryocyte
5. platelets
112
What are the different stages of differentiation of monocytes
1. Hemocytoblast
2. Myeloid Stem cell
3. Progenitor cell
4. Monoblast
5. Promonocyte
6. Monocyte
113
What are the different stages of differentiation of a erythrocyte
1. Hemocytoblast
2. myeloid stem cell
3. progenitor cell
4. Proerythroblast
5. Reticulocyte
6. Erythrocyte
114
What are the different stages of differentiation of a lymphocyte
1. Hemocytoblast
2. lymphoid stem cell
3. Lymphoblast
4. prolymphocyte
5. lymphocyte
115
What are the different factors that affect which type of blood cells will form from a myeloid stem cell
1. M-CSF = monocytes
2. G-CSF = Granulocytes
3. GM-CSF = Granulocytes and monocytes
4. Multi-CSF = Granulocytes, monocytes, platelets, and RBCs
5. EPO = Red Blood Cells
116
lymphocytes can be either B, T, or natural killer cells. Where do the lymphocytes differentiate into B, T and natural killer cells
B-lymphocytes and Natural killer cells mature in the bone
| T-Lymphocytes mature in the thymus
117
What is the normal white blood count
between 5 and 10 thousand per microliter of blood
118
What is leukocytosis
High WBC count
119
What is leukopenia
Low WBC count
120
What is leukemia
cancer in the leukocyte forming cells, this causes an increase in abnormal leukocytes
121
What is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
122
From where to platelets come
they come from a fragmented megakaryocytes
123
How long do platelets "live" for
8 to 12 days
124
What organ removes old platelets
the spleen
125
Are most of the platelets we have constantly being used
no, 2/3 of platelets are saved for emergencies
126
What is the normal platelet count in blood
150,000 to 500,000 per microliter of blood
127
What is thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
128
what is thrombocytosis
High platelet count
129
What are three functions of platelets
1. Release important clotting chemicals
2. temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
3. Reduce size of a break in a vessel wall
130
What is hemostasis
the cessation of bleeding
131
What are the three (four) phases of hemostasis
1. vascular phase
2. platelet phase
3. Coagulation phase
4. Clot retraction
132
What happens in the vascular phase of hemostasis
the blood vessels is cut, and it reacts by contracting the smooth muscle around it, causing it to constrict and slow down blood through out of it. It also becomes "sticky" to platelets
133
What happens in the platelet phase of hemostasis
platelets bind to the sticky endothelial surfaces, to the basement membrane, to collagen fibers, and to each other. they release chemicals to stimulate aggregation, vascular spasm, clotting, and vessel repari
134
What are the three pathways of the coagulation phase of hemostasis
1. Extrinsic pathway
2. Intrinsic pathway
3. Common pathway
135
What are the steps of the common pathway
1. Factor X (activated by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathway) activates prothrombinase
2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
136
What does the fibrin created by the pathways of the coagulation phase of hemostasis do in clotting
fibrin builds an insoluble network that traps blood cells and additional platelets, and holds them all together. this is a clot that seals off the damaged portion of the vessel
137
What happens in clot retraction
the platelets bound in the clot begin to retract and cause the clot to retract. (usually takes 30-60 minutes)
138
Where is EPO made
in the kidneys
