Integumentary

Question 1

What organs are included in the integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin and its accessory structures including hair, nails, and glands, as well as blood vessels, muscles, and nerves.

Question 2

What are the primary functions of the skin?

Answer 2

• Maintaining homeostasis through temperature regulation
• Protection of underlying tissues
• Slowing the loss of water
• Housing sensory receptors
• Synthesizing certain chemicals (e.g., Vitamin D)
• Excreting wastes
• Blood reservoir

Question 3

What are the two main layers of the skin?

Answer 3

• Epidermis
• Dermis

Question 4

What connects the dermis to underlying tissue?

Answer 4

The subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).

Question 5

What is the role of keratinocytes?

Answer 5

Produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that provides protection.

Question 6

What do melanocytes produce?

Answer 6

The pigment melanin.

Question 7

What are intraepidermal macrophages involved in?

Answer 7

Immune responses.

Question 8

What is the stratum basale?

Answer 8

The layer of reproducing cells at the base of the epidermis, well nourished by dermal blood vessels.

Question 9

What characterizes the stratum spinosum?

Answer 9

Somewhat flattened keratinocytes that begin keratinizing and contain melanocytes and macrophages.

Question 10

What occurs in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 10

Keratinocytes flatten out and stain darkly due to keratin formation; cells release lipids that make the skin water-repellant.

Question 11

What is unique about the stratum lucidum?

Answer 11

It is found only in thick skin of the palms, fingertips, and soles and contains additional keratin for protection from abrasion.

Question 12

What is the stratum corneum composed of?

Answer 12

Flattened dead cells that form the protective outer layer.

Question 13

What is a callus?

Answer 13

A thickened area of skin that forms when the skin is exposed to constant friction.

Question 14

What are the two types of skin?

Answer 14

• Thin (hairy) skin
• Thick (hairless) skin

Question 15

What factors contribute to differences in skin color?

Answer 15

• Genetic differences in melanin amount
• Size of melanin granules
• Exposure to sunlight
• Circulation within dermal blood vessels

Question 16

What does cyanosis indicate?

Answer 16

A lack of oxygen, resulting in a blue tint to the skin.

Question 17

What is jaundice a sign of?

Answer 17

Bilirubin buildup in the skin due to liver malfunction.

Question 18

What does erythema indicate?

Answer 18

Redness of skin due to dilation of capillaries from injury, inflammation, heat, or allergy.

Question 19

What is the ABCDE rule used for?

Answer 19

To identify potential skin cancer by assessing asymmetry, border irregularity, color variety, diameter, and elevation.

Question 20

What is albinism?

Answer 20

A congenital disorder characterized by the absence of pigment due to a defect in melanin production.

Question 21

What is vitiligo?

Answer 21

A chronic disorder causing depigmentation patches in the skin, likely due to genetic and autoimmune factors.

Question 22

What is the composition of the dermis?

Answer 22

Connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Question 23

What are the two regions of the dermis?

Answer 23

• Papillary region
• Reticular region

Question 24

What structures are found in the papillary region of the dermis?

Answer 24

• Capillary loops
• Corpuscles of touch
• Free nerve endings

Question 25

What does the reticular region of the dermis contain?

Answer 25

* Tactile sensory structures * Nerves * Blood vessels * Hair follicles * Sebaceous (oil) glands * Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

Question 26

What is the subcutaneous layer also known as?

Answer 26

Hypodermis.

Question 27

What types of sensory receptors are found in the skin?

Answer 27

* Type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors * Free nerve endings * Corpuscles of touch * Hair root plexuses * Lamellated corpuscles

Question 28

What are the parts of a hair?

Answer 28

* Shaft * Follicle * Root penetrating into the dermis

Question 29

What do sebaceous glands produce?

Answer 29

An oily substance called sebum.

Question 30

What are eccrine sweat glands responsible for?

Answer 30

Releasing water and certain ions (Na+ & Cl-) for thermoregulation.

Question 31

Where are apocrine sweat glands mainly located?

Answer 31

In hairy skin.

Question 32

What do ceruminous glands produce?

Answer 32

Cerumen (earwax).

Question 33

What are the structures of nails?

Answer 33

* Free edge * Transparent nail body (plate) * Whitish lunula at its base * Nail root embedded in a fold of skin

Question 34

What is the process of deep wound healing?

Answer 34

* Inflammatory Phase * Migratory Phase * Proliferative Phase * Maturation Phase

Question 35

What is contact inhibition?

Answer 35

The mechanism that stops cells from continuing to grow after injury.

Question 36

What changes occur in the integumentary system with age?

Answer 36

* Development of wrinkles * Dehydration and cracking * Decreased sweat production * Loss of functional melanocytes * Loss of subcutaneous fat * Nails may become brittle

Question 37

What increases susceptibility to pressure ulcers with age?

Answer 37

Decreased skin thickness and other age-related changes.

Question 38

What is a burn?

Answer 38

Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals.

Question 39

What is the result of aging on hair and skin pigmentation?

Answer 39

Results in gray hair and atypical skin pigmentation ## Footnote Aging leads to a decrease in melanin production, affecting hair and skin color.

Question 40

What happens to subcutaneous fat and skin thickness with age?

Answer 40

Subcutaneous fat is lost, and there is a general decrease in skin thickness ## Footnote This can contribute to a more fragile appearance and increase the risk of skin injuries.

Question 41

How do nails change as a person ages?

Answer 41

Nails may become more brittle ## Footnote This can lead to an increased likelihood of nail breakage and other nail disorders.

Question 42

What is the increased risk associated with aging in terms of skin health?

Answer 42

Increased susceptibility to pressure ulcers (bed sores) ## Footnote This susceptibility is due to decreased skin thickness and subcutaneous fat.

Question 43

Define a burn.

Answer 43

Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature the proteins in the skin cells ## Footnote Burns can occur in various environments and can have serious implications for skin health.

Question 44

What is a first-degree burn?

Answer 44

Involves only the epidermis (sunburn) ## Footnote First-degree burns typically heal without scarring.

Question 45

What characterizes a second-degree burn?

Answer 45

Destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis (blister) ## Footnote Second-degree burns can cause significant pain and may require medical treatment.

Question 46

What defines a third-degree burn?

Answer 46

A full-thickness burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer ## Footnote Third-degree burns often require surgical intervention and can lead to serious complications.

Question 47

What is the rule of nines used for?

Answer 47

Used to estimate the surface area of an adult affected by a burn ## Footnote This method helps in assessing the severity of burns and determining treatment protocols.