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Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous

A

Related to skin

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2
Q

What are the functions of integumentary system

A

Protection, sensation, thermal regulation, production of Vit D and excretion

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3
Q

Protection

A

Skin acts as a physical barrier and protects inner body structures from external chemicals and pathogens and prevents dehydration

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4
Q

Sensation

A

Skin is innervated- nerve fibers in skin transmit information about temperature, touch, pressure, pain

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5
Q

Thermal regulation

A

Blood vessels in skin and sweat glands regulated heat loss from the body

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6
Q

Production of vitamin D

A

UV light activates a precursor compound in skin to make vitamin D

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7
Q

Excretion

A

Sweat glands secrete water, electrolytes, and small amounts of Urea
Can also help with thermoregulation

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8
Q

What are the three main layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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9
Q

Epidermis sublayers

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosun
Stratum basale

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10
Q

Epidermis features

A

Stratifed squamous epithelium
Varies in thickness
Avascular
Innervated for tactile sensation
Constantly renewing itself

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11
Q

What cells in sub layer are constantly regenerating and being pushed towards apical layer

A

Basale

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12
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Most superficial layer of epidermis that continuously get shed

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13
Q

Desquamation

A

Constant shedding of flaking apical layers as deeper basale cells regenerate
Made up of dehydrated dead keratinocytes

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14
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Main skin cells in epidermis

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15
Q

Keratin

A

Protein produced by keratinocytes
Provide strength and prevent dehydration
Found in human hair and nails

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16
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Made up of dead keratinocytes and keratin
Optional layer: found only in thick skin on palms and soles

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17
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Made up of dying keratinocytes, keratin and keratohyalin
As keratinocytes migrate away from blood capillaries cells begin to die in this layer

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18
Q

Keratohyalin

A

Intracellular protein that promotes dehydration of the dying keratinocytes
Gives the cells in stratum granulosum a grainy appearance

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19
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Made up of living keratinocytes actively making keratin
Appearance is due to spikey bundle of prekeratin protein

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20
Q

Stratum basale

A

Made up of single row of mitoticly active stem cells, tactile epithelial cells and melanocytes

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21
Q

Stem cells

A

Specialize precursor cells that can divide continuously into new cells
Can differentiate into keratinocytes, tactile epithelial cells and melanocytes

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22
Q

Tactile epithelial cells

A

Merkel cells
Acts as touch receptors

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23
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment

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24
Q

Melanin

A

Black or brown skin pigment
Protect skin against UV radiation which damages DNA

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25
How is skin tone determined
By the amount of melanin produced not the number of melanocytes
26
Dermis
Layer of skin between epidermis and hypodermis Connective tissue proper Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and glands
27
Vasoconstriction
When dermis is exposed to cold, blood vessels in skin constrict to conserve blood
28
Vasodilation
When dermis is exposed to hear, blood vessels dilate to help release heat
29
Dermis sublayers
Papillary dermis and reticular dermis
30
Dermal papillary dermis
Finger like projection of dermis into epidermis
31
Functions of dermal papillae
Increase surface area for diffusion if gases and nutrients from dermis to avascular epidermis Interlock epidermis to dermis Papillae form ridges in thick skin
32
What is responsible for finger prints that increases tactile sensation and grip
Dermal papillae
33
Where is reticular dermis found and tissue type
Deep to papillary dermis and dense irregular tissue containing thick bundle of collagen and elastic fibers
34
What tissue type is papillary dermis
Areolar connective tissue
35
Flexure lines
Decreases from repeated folding Creases in palm
36
Striae
Stretch marks Torn collagen and elastic fibers from extreme skin stretching
37
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia Deepest layer of skin Contains blood vessels and nerves Helps insulate and for energy storage
38
What tissue type is hypodermis
Adipose tissue
39
What causes Burns
By heat friction radiation electroshock and strong acids or bases
40
First degree burn
Upper levels of epidermis Results in redness and pain Sunburn
41
Second degree burn
Effect epidermis and dermis Results in blistering pain and swelling Scars may form
42
Third degree burn
Effects epidermis dermis and hypodermis Results in severe swelling and requires surgical intervention
43
What is Hair
Tubes of keratin produced by hair follicle
44
Where is hair found
Everywhere on skin expect palms soles and lips
45
What is the function of hair
Sensation and some thermoregulation
46
What are the components of hair
Shaft, root, hair follicle, melanocytes, sebaceous glands, erector pili
47
Shaft
Hair extends beyond skin
48
Root
Hair embedded within dermis and epidermis 
49
Hair follicle
Specialize epithelium that surrounds deepest part of root Function is hair synthesis Innervated and can sense movement
50
Melanocytes
In hair follicles produces melanin for hair color Different forms in amounts of melanin produce different hair colors
51
What results in white hairs
Decreasing melanin and presence of air bubbles and shafts
52
Erector pili
Smooth muscles that attached epidermis to hair follicles in dermis Contraction of erector pili causes hair to stand perpendicular to skin Goosebumps
53
Nails definition and location
Hard plates of keratin on distal tips of digits and dorsal fingers and toes
54
Function for nails
Protection and manual dexterity ( skill or ability)
55
Components of a nail
Nail plate, nail bed, nail root, lunule or lunula and eponychicum
56
Nail plate
Outter portion of nail Made up of solid plate of keratin
57
Nail bed
Dermis deep to nail plate Underlying blood vessels in the dermis gives nails are characteristic pink color
58
Nail root
Proximal nail plate that provides keratin
59
Lunule or lunula
white Crescent distal to nail root
60
Eponychium
Cuticle Portion of epidermidis that overlaps lunula
61
Sebaceous glands location
Everywhere on skin except palms and soles Most prominent on face and scalp Closely associated with hair follicle
62
What is the function of sebaceous glands
To produce sebum which is the skin oil and helps moisturize skin and hair
63
What is acne
Bacterial infection of clogged sebaceous glands Strongly influenced by sex hormones 
64
What does old age cause sebaceous glands to do
Under produce which causes dry skin and contributes to wrinkles
65
Who has Sweat glands
Only mammals (sudoriferous glands)
66
What are the two types of sweat glands
Eccrine and apocrine
67
Eccrine sweat glands
All over body but most prominent on scalp palms and soles produces perspiration
68
Perspiration
Odorless watery fluid produced as a response to stress or increase body temperature Contains water, electrolytes, and small amounts of urea
69
What is urea
Nitrogenous waste product
70
Diaphoresis
Process of sweating aids to thermal regulation As sweat evaporates from skin it carries heat to cool off the body
71
Apocrine Sweat glands
All over body except lips most prominent in axillary and ingunial regions
72
What are the functions of apocrine sweat glands
Produces oily form of sweat odor is produced by bacteria and skin that feeds on oils

Anatomy (19 decks)

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