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Anatomy > Urinary > Flashcards

Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

Excrete of metabolic waste and form of urine
regulate body fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulate blood pressure
acid base balance

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2
Q

Excretion

A

Process of eliminating waste from the body

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3
Q

Integumentary System

A

Excrete sweat, small amounts of Urea

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4
Q

Digestive/G.I. System

A

Discrete undigested food as feces
also is sweat, water, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol

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5
Q

Respiratory system

A

Excretes CO2 as exhaled hair
Also excuse small amount of other gases in water vapor

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6
Q

Urinary system

A

Excrete nitrogenous waste and excess water as urine also excrete toxins, drugs, hormones, salts and hydrogen ions

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7
Q

Waste

A

Any substance that is toxic or present or excess for bodies needs

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8
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A

Metabolic wastes that contain nitrogen
Toxic even in small quantities it gets filtered out of blood plasma by the kidneys

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9
Q

Major nitrogenous bases

A

Ammonia, urea, Uric acid, creatinine


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10
Q

Ammonia

A

Intermediate byproduct of protein breakdown, extremely toxic in small quantities, immediately converted to urea by liver

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11
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism, most common form of nitrogenous waste

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12
Q

Utica acid

A

Nitrogenous waste from breakdown of nucleic acid, DNA and RNA

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13
Q

Creatinine

A

Nitrogenous waste from breakdown of phosphocreatine
Present in brain, skeletal muscle and myocardium and helps in short term ATP synthesis

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14
Q

Kidneys

A

Abdominal cavity in superior lumbar region, right liver pushes down right kidney

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15
Q

Shape of kidney

A

Like a kidney bean, lateral surface is convex or rounded, medial surface is concave or depressed
Hilum- medial surface where ureter, Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney 

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16
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer most portion protected by fibrous capsule and fat

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17
Q

Renal medulla

A

Middle portion, 6 to 7 renal pyramids and columns

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18
Q

renal pyramid

A

Cone shaped section of medulla
Renal papilla- Tip of pyramid, points internally
Renal lobe- Renal pyramid along with overlining cortex contains nephrons

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19
Q

Renal column

A

Tissues that separate pyramids, contains interlobar arteries and veins

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20
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Deepest part closest to Hilum

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21
Q

Calyx

A

Cup like area that drains hearing from each papilla, minor calices join the form major calices

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22
Q

Ureter

A

Tube that drains urine from major calices

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23
Q

Renal arteries

A

Branches off abdominal aorta, each renal artery enters the renal hilum Where are they brand into interlobar arteries

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24
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

Arch over the base of pyramid, send off branches called cortical radiate arteries

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25
Q

Cortical radiate arteries

A

Radiate outward from arcuate arteries, branch further into microscopic afferent Arteriole

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26
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Vessels that carry blood into glomerulus

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27
Q

Glomerulus

A

Wall of capillaries

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28
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Vessels that carry blood from glomerulus to peritubular capillaries

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29
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Netwerk of capillaries surround nephron tubes that drain blood into venuoles

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30
Q

After peritubular capillaries blood then goes to

A

Venuoles, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins

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31
Q

Renal veins

A

Drain venous blood into IVC

32
Q

Filtration

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure forces water and solutes from plasma across the filtration membrane to enter the nephron

33
Q

Reabsorption

A

Some of the filtered water and solutes get reabsorbed out of the nephron to enter back into the plasma

34
Q

Secretion

A

Certain solutes are secreted directly into the nephron to end up in urine

35
Q

What is renal corpuscle consist of

A

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

36
Q

Glomerulus

A

Site of filtration, supplies by afferent arterioles, drained by efferent arteriole

37
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Shaped like cup surrounding the glomerulus

Parietal layer- outer layer of simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer – inner layer of photosites that clings to glomerular capillaries
capsular space- Space between parietal and visceral layer receives glomerular filtrate in leads into lumen of Renal tubule

38
Q

Renal tubule consist of

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

39
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

Fluid filters in renal corpuscle

40
Q

Filtrate/ tubular fluid

A

Fluid as it passes through tubules

41
Q

Urine

A

Fluid drain into calices and ureters

42
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Fenestrated capillaries endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slits form by podocytes

43
Q

Fenestrated capillaries endothelium

A

Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries have large pores called fenestrations

44
Q

Basement membrane

A

Basal lamina, anchors the glomerular to go to bowman’s capsule

45
Q

Filtration splits formed by podocytes

A

Podocytes- specialized epithelial cells that form visceral layers of Bowsman capsule
Resembles an octopus with multiple legs, Call the foot processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries

46
Q

Particles that are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and thus remain in blood

A

Formed elements, plasma protein, protein bound minerals and hormones

47
Q

Particles that are small enough to pass through the filtration membrane and become components of the glomerular filtrate

A

Water, ions or electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste

48
Q

Tubular fluid

A

When glomerular filtrate enters the renal tubule it becomes tubular fluid
There it will be reabsorption Of certain substances in secretions of others
Anything reabsorbed is taken up by peritubular capillaries to reenter polite, anything secreted will end up secreted in urine

49
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule

A

Reabsorption of water, ions, organic nutrients
simple cuboidal epithelium with micro villi on apical surface
Microvilli greatly increases surface area to optimize reabsorption
Cell membrane on basal surface contains many ions pumps necessary for reabsorption
Multiple mitochondria provide energy for reabsorption

50
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Descending thin limb consist of simple squamous epithelium with aqua Porins
Thick ascending limb reabsorption of sodium chloride

51
Q

Distal convoluted tubule

A

Secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins variable reabsorption of water and other ions
simple cuboidal epithelium
less active and reabsorption has a lesser microvilli

52
Q

Collecting duct

A

Receives tubular fluids from DCT Of multiple nephrons, reabsorption of water when necessary, simple cuboidal cells

Intercalated cells- Specialize cells that participate in reabsorption and secretion and collecting duct

53
Q

Cortical nephron

A

80% of nephron
Mostly within cortex, short loop of Henle that dips into medulla, efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries
Responsible for a regulatory function of kidneys

54
Q

Justxamedullary nephron

A

20% nephron
Renal corpuscle of medullary nephrons are close to cortex medulla junction
Long loops of Henle that divide deep into medulla
efferent arteriole supplies the vasa recta, responsible for creating concentrated urine

55
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine to bladder, passes behind bladder

56
Q

Ureteric orifices

A

Opening into bladders inferior surface, a small valve at each ureteric orifice traps urine In the bladder preventing reflux of urine

57
Q

Adventitia

A

Outer most layer of connective tissue

58
Q

Muscularis

A

Multiple layers of smooth muscle arrange longitudinally and circulatory

59
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer of transitional epithelium

60
Q

Bladder

A

Hollow muscular sack, Stores in helps expel Urine
Support by pelvic diaphragm, located posterior to pubic symphysis
Males- anterior to rectum
Female- anterior to vagina and ureters

61
Q

On average bladder can store

A

500-600 ml urine

62
Q

Trigone

A

Base of bladder contains opening for
Ureteric orifices, bladder neck leads to urethra

63
Q

Adventitia

A

Outer most layer

64
Q

Detrusor

A

Middle layer
Consist of smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layer with a middle circulatory layer

65
Q

When bladder fills with a urine, detrusor

A

Relaxes and expands bladder

66
Q

During urination detrusor muscle 

A

Contracts to squeeze out urine from bladder

67
Q

Mucosa

A

Inner most layer

68
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Specialized epithelium only found in ureters and bladder

69
Q

Umbrella cells

A

Located on apical surface on transitional epithelium, protects underlying tissues from acidic urine

70
Q

Lamina propria

A

Thin layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers

71
Q

What is transitional epithelium consist of

A

Umbrella cells, basement membrane, laminate propria

72
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that drain urine from bladder

73
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

Thicken ring of detrusor muscle at bladder neck
When contracted  Hold urine in bladder, when relax allows urine to leave bladder

74
Q

External urethral sphincter

A

Ring of skeletal muscle distal to internal urethral sphincter
Made of skeletal muscle

75
Q

External urethral orifice

A

Urethral meatus
In females – short, urethral meatus anterior to vaginal orifice
Males- urethra is longer as it passes through prostate and penis located at tip of penis

76
Q

UTIs can spread into

A

Cystitis- inflammation of bladder
Pyelitis- Information of ureters
Pyelonephritis- inflammation of kidneys

Anatomy (19 decks)

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