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Urinary Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

Excrete of metabolic waste and form of urine
regulate body fluid and electrolyte balance
Regulate blood pressure
acid base balance

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2
Q

Excretion

A

Process of eliminating waste from the body

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3
Q

Integumentary System

A

Excrete sweat, small amounts of Urea

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4
Q

Digestive/G.I. System

A

Discrete undigested food as feces
also is sweat, water, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol

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5
Q

Respiratory system

A

Excretes CO2 as exhaled hair
Also excuse small amount of other gases in water vapor

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6
Q

Urinary system

A

Excrete nitrogenous waste and excess water as urine also excrete toxins, drugs, hormones, salts and hydrogen ions

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7
Q

Waste

A

Any substance that is toxic or present or excess for bodies needs

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8
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A

Metabolic wastes that contain nitrogen
Toxic even in small quantities it gets filtered out of blood plasma by the kidneys

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9
Q

Major nitrogenous bases

A

Ammonia, urea, Uric acid, creatinine


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10
Q

Ammonia

A

Intermediate byproduct of protein breakdown, extremely toxic in small quantities, immediately converted to urea by liver

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11
Q

Urea

A

Nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism, most common form of nitrogenous waste

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12
Q

Utica acid

A

Nitrogenous waste from breakdown of nucleic acid, DNA and RNA

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13
Q

Creatinine

A

Nitrogenous waste from breakdown of phosphocreatine
Present in brain, skeletal muscle and myocardium and helps in short term ATP synthesis

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14
Q

Kidneys

A

Abdominal cavity in superior lumbar region, right liver pushes down right kidney

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15
Q

Shape of kidney

A

Like a kidney bean, lateral surface is convex or rounded, medial surface is concave or depressed
Hilum- medial surface where ureter, Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the kidney 

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16
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer most portion protected by fibrous capsule and fat

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17
Q

Renal medulla

A

Middle portion, 6 to 7 renal pyramids and columns

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18
Q

renal pyramid

A

Cone shaped section of medulla
Renal papilla- Tip of pyramid, points internally
Renal lobe- Renal pyramid along with overlining cortex contains nephrons

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19
Q

Renal column

A

Tissues that separate pyramids, contains interlobar arteries and veins

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20
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Deepest part closest to Hilum

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21
Q

Calyx

A

Cup like area that drains hearing from each papilla, minor calices join the form major calices

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22
Q

Ureter

A

Tube that drains urine from major calices

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23
Q

Renal arteries

A

Branches off abdominal aorta, each renal artery enters the renal hilum Where are they brand into interlobar arteries

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24
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

Arch over the base of pyramid, send off branches called cortical radiate arteries

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25
Cortical radiate arteries
Radiate outward from arcuate arteries, branch further into microscopic afferent Arteriole
26
Afferent arteriole
Vessels that carry blood into glomerulus
27
Glomerulus
Wall of capillaries
28
Efferent arteriole
Vessels that carry blood from glomerulus to peritubular capillaries
29
Peritubular capillaries
Netwerk of capillaries surround nephron tubes that drain blood into venuoles
30
After peritubular capillaries blood then goes to
Venuoles, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins
31
Renal veins
Drain venous blood into IVC
32
Filtration
Glomerular capillary blood pressure forces water and solutes from plasma across the filtration membrane to enter the nephron
33
Reabsorption
Some of the filtered water and solutes get reabsorbed out of the nephron to enter back into the plasma
34
Secretion
Certain solutes are secreted directly into the nephron to end up in urine
35
What is renal corpuscle consist of
Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule
36
Glomerulus
Site of filtration, supplies by afferent arterioles, drained by efferent arteriole
37
Bowman’s capsule
Shaped like cup surrounding the glomerulus Parietal layer- outer layer of simple squamous epithelium Visceral layer – inner layer of photosites that clings to glomerular capillaries capsular space- Space between parietal and visceral layer receives glomerular filtrate in leads into lumen of Renal tubule
38
Renal tubule consist of
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
39
Glomerular filtrate
Fluid filters in renal corpuscle
40
Filtrate/ tubular fluid
Fluid as it passes through tubules
41
Urine
Fluid drain into calices and ureters
42
Filtration membrane
Fenestrated capillaries endothelium, basement membrane, filtration slits form by podocytes
43
Fenestrated capillaries endothelium
Endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries have large pores called fenestrations
44
Basement membrane
Basal lamina, anchors the glomerular to go to bowman’s capsule
45
Filtration splits formed by podocytes
Podocytes- specialized epithelial cells that form visceral layers of Bowsman capsule Resembles an octopus with multiple legs, Call the foot processes that wrap around glomerular capillaries
46
Particles that are too large to pass through the filtration membrane and thus remain in blood
Formed elements, plasma protein, protein bound minerals and hormones
47
Particles that are small enough to pass through the filtration membrane and become components of the glomerular filtrate
Water, ions or electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste
48
Tubular fluid
When glomerular filtrate enters the renal tubule it becomes tubular fluid There it will be reabsorption Of certain substances in secretions of others Anything reabsorbed is taken up by peritubular capillaries to reenter polite, anything secreted will end up secreted in urine
49
Proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, ions, organic nutrients simple cuboidal epithelium with micro villi on apical surface Microvilli greatly increases surface area to optimize reabsorption Cell membrane on basal surface contains many ions pumps necessary for reabsorption Multiple mitochondria provide energy for reabsorption
50
Loop of Henle
Descending thin limb consist of simple squamous epithelium with aqua Porins Thick ascending limb reabsorption of sodium chloride
51
Distal convoluted tubule
Secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins variable reabsorption of water and other ions simple cuboidal epithelium less active and reabsorption has a lesser microvilli
52
Collecting duct
Receives tubular fluids from DCT Of multiple nephrons, reabsorption of water when necessary, simple cuboidal cells Intercalated cells- Specialize cells that participate in reabsorption and secretion and collecting duct
53
Cortical nephron
80% of nephron Mostly within cortex, short loop of Henle that dips into medulla, efferent arteriole supplies peritubular capillaries Responsible for a regulatory function of kidneys
54
Justxamedullary nephron
20% nephron Renal corpuscle of medullary nephrons are close to cortex medulla junction Long loops of Henle that divide deep into medulla efferent arteriole supplies the vasa recta, responsible for creating concentrated urine
55
Ureters
Transport urine to bladder, passes behind bladder
56
Ureteric orifices
Opening into bladders inferior surface, a small valve at each ureteric orifice traps urine In the bladder preventing reflux of urine
57
Adventitia
Outer most layer of connective tissue
58
Muscularis
Multiple layers of smooth muscle arrange longitudinally and circulatory
59
Mucosa
Innermost layer of transitional epithelium
60
Bladder
Hollow muscular sack, Stores in helps expel Urine Support by pelvic diaphragm, located posterior to pubic symphysis Males- anterior to rectum Female- anterior to vagina and ureters
61
On average bladder can store
500-600 ml urine
62
Trigone
Base of bladder contains opening for Ureteric orifices, bladder neck leads to urethra
63
Adventitia
Outer most layer
64
Detrusor
Middle layer Consist of smooth muscle fibers arranged in inner and outer longitudinal layer with a middle circulatory layer
65
When bladder fills with a urine, detrusor
Relaxes and expands bladder
66
During urination detrusor muscle 
Contracts to squeeze out urine from bladder
67
Mucosa
Inner most layer
68
Transitional epithelium
Specialized epithelium only found in ureters and bladder
69
Umbrella cells
Located on apical surface on transitional epithelium, protects underlying tissues from acidic urine
70
Lamina propria
Thin layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers
71
What is transitional epithelium consist of
Umbrella cells, basement membrane, laminate propria
72
Urethra
Tube that drain urine from bladder
73
Internal urethral sphincter
Thicken ring of detrusor muscle at bladder neck When contracted  Hold urine in bladder, when relax allows urine to leave bladder
74
External urethral sphincter
Ring of skeletal muscle distal to internal urethral sphincter Made of skeletal muscle
75
External urethral orifice
Urethral meatus In females – short, urethral meatus anterior to vaginal orifice Males- urethra is longer as it passes through prostate and penis located at tip of penis
76
UTIs can spread into
Cystitis- inflammation of bladder Pyelitis- Information of ureters Pyelonephritis- inflammation of kidneys

Anatomy (19 decks)

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