Skeletal System Flashcards by Brittany Fung

What is the skeletal system composed of

Bones, cartilage (Articulations), connective tissue (ligaments and tendons)

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What are the functions of the skeletal system

Support, provide leverage for body movement, protection, store minerals and lipids And blood cells synthesis

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What is Cartilage‘a function

Support, cushion, and absorb shock
Avascular

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What are the components of cartilage

Ground substance which holds a lot of water and helps resist compression
Collagen fibers which provides strength and flexibility
Elastic fibers which allow for elastic recoil
Chondroblasts which form extra cellular matrix and give rise to the chondrocytes
Chondrocytes which maintain and repair matrix

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What are the three types of cartilage tissue

Hyaline cartilage – firm matrix with collagen fibers
Elastic cartilage – for matrix with elastic fibers
Fibrocartilage – for matrix with extra thick collagen fibers

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In embryos what is the skeleton first made up of (cartilage tissue)

Hyaline cartilage

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Where is the cartilage that’s not replaced by bones in adults

Articular cartilage – cover ends of long bones
Articular disc – found in certain movable joints
Costal cartilage – connect ribs to sternum
Laryngeal cartilage- Found in voice box
Tracheal/bronchial Cartilage – support windpipe
Nasal cartilage – support external nose
Intervertebral disc – separate and cushion vertebrae

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What are the four types of bone cells

Osteogenic cells – bone stem cells
osteoblasts– Immature bone cells
Osteocytes – mature bone cells
Osteoclasts- Bone dissolving cells

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What are the functions of osteogenic cells

They are bone stem cells that give rise to osteoblast and osteocytes

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What are the functions of osteoblasts

Immature bone cells that lay down new bone matrix

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What are the functions of osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

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What are Osteoclasts and their function

Bone dissolving cells that break down bone matrix

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What are the two components of bone matrix

Collagen fibers and ground substance

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What are collagen fibers And their function

Protein component of bone that provides Flexibility and tensile strength

Without collagen bone would be brittle and shatter underweight

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What is ground substance and what is their function

It contains calcium phosphate which is a mineral component of the bone and makes bone hard and durable

Without calcium phosphate bone Would be too flexible and soft to carry weight

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What is bone homeostasis

Maintenance of bone matrix

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Bone is a living dynamic tissue, bone cells continually recycle the protein ______ And minerals ______ Of the bone matrix

Collagen, calcium phosphate

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___ and ___ do this by dissolving the adjacent matrix and releasing the minerals into the bloodstream

Osteoclasts and osteocytes

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__ and __ Then rebuild the matrix by redepositing calcium and phosphate obtained from the bloodstream

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

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Osseous tissue

Bone tissue

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What are the five classifications of bone

Long bone, short bone, flat bone, irregular bone and sesamoid bone

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What is Diaphysis and function

Shaft
Long hollow to that provide leverage for muscles
The walls are made up of compact bone in the hollow shaft contains bone marrow

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Why are bones highly vascular

Because blood supply is critical for bone formation and bone homeostasis

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Name of hole in diaphysis that allows blood vessels to penetrate bone

Nutrient foramen

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Metaphysis

Zone between diaphysis and ends of long bones

Where is Epiphysis and what is the function

proximal and distal end of long bones Shaped like enlarged knobby ends Helps form joints and provide attachment site for tendons and ligaments Spongy bone with outer shell of compact bone

What is articular cartilage

Thin layer of smooth hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyses Provide low friction service and articular

what are the six histological features of long bones

Compact bone, medullary cavity, spongy bone, Periosteum, endosteum and epiphyseal

What is compact bone

Dense Osseotissue Outer walls of Epiphysis and diaphysis

Medullary cavity

Hollow cavity within diaphysis Contains bone marrow

Spongy bone

Trabecular bone Mainly in Epiphysis Almost always enclosed by more durable compact bone

Periosteum

Connective tissue membrane that surrounds compact bone Outer bone surface except joints where articular cartilage is found Contains osteogenic cells osteoblast And osteoclasts For bone growth remodeling and healing

What happens if periosteum is removed or damaged during injury

New bone cannot grow and fracture cannot heal

Endosteum

Connected tissue that lines the medullary cavity Inner surface of diaphysis Contains osteogenic osteoblasts and osteoclasts For bone growth remodeling and healing

Epiphyseal plate

Epiphysis near the metaphysis Hyaline cartilage tissue type Longitudinal bone growth in children

What is the Epiphyseal line

When Long bone has stopped growing, Highland cartilage is replaced by bone On x-rays bone appear light to radio opaque Cartilage appears dark to radiolucent x-rays because they can pass through cartilage

What are compact bones Consist of

Bone cells and bone matrix arranged in cylinder osteon

Another name for osteon

Haversian system

What is osteon

A basic functional unit of compact bone Smallest structure capable of carrying out main function of system Run along the long axis of bone Resemble targets of a central canal as bull’s-eyes

Another name for central canal

Haversian canal

What is the function of central canal

Carry blood vessels and nerves to osteon Generally run parallel to the surface of the bone

What is another name for perforating canals

Volkman canal

What is the function for perforating canals

Connect central canal of neighboring osteons Generally run perpendicular to the surface of the bone

What is lamellae and the two types

Layers of bone matrix Concentric lamellae and circumferential lamellae

Concentric lamellae

Layers arranged and rings around central canal Osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi

Circumferential lamellae

Layers of bone matrix that hold together multiple osteon Found in inner and outer border of compact bone, It wraps around and hold together clusters of osteon To resist twisting forces

What is the function of osteons in compact bone

Longitudinal orientation of multiple Osteons provide great compressive strength

What type of bone is loosely organized osseous tissue Where the cells and bone matrix form trabeculae

Spongy/trabecular bone

What is trabeculae

Spike of bone matrix in multiple direction that form delicate web Mainly in Epiphyses and metaphyses

What is the function of trabeculae

To provide some strength without adding additional weight Houses bone marrow in between trabeculae

What are the two kinds of bone marrow

Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow

Red bone marrow

Blood stem cells that produce red and white blood cells

What type of Bone marrow is found in almost all bones in infants

Red bone marrow

During development bone marrow turns into ___

Yellow bone marrow

Red marrow is found only in the medullary cavities of

Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, headphones, proximal epiphyses of humorous and femur bone

Yellow bone marrow

Adiposites for energy storage

Where is yellow bone marrow found in adults

In all medullary cavities of extremities except proximal end of humerus and femur bones

Bone growth lengthwise

Growth along the long axis of bone Responsible for elongation of limbs Occurs during infancy through puberty Grows in growth plate aka epiphyseal plate

Bone growth widthwise

Growth along the short axis of the bone responsible for increase in width and overall bone density Occurs during infancy through puberty

Location of growth In the __ (The sheath of connective tissue that covers outside of compact bone) ___ Form new bone matrix on outer surface

Periosteum, osteoblasts

Location of growth In the ___ (The connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity) ___ Dissolve bone matrix on inner surface

Endosteum, osteoclasts

Location of growth As a result the medullary cavity gradually enlarges as a bone increases in diameter which results in

Overall proportional bone growth

Bone remodeling

Responsible for bone maintenance and homeostasis occurs in all stages Bone cells continuously reshape bone matrix depending on patterns of use or disuse

What is a balance between mineral deposition in mineral resorption

Bone modeling

Mineral deposition

Osteoblast and osteocytes lay down new bone matrix by pulling Calcium and phosphate from the blood

Mineral resorption

Osteoclasts and osteocytes dissolve bone and release calcium and phosphate back into the blood