Intermediary Metabolism Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
What is intermediary metabolism?
A
Reactions occuring between:
- Absorption of feedstuff
- Excretion of end products
2
Q
A
- Proteins
- Polysaccharides
- Fats
3
Q
A
- Amino acids
- Monosaccharides
- Fatty acids
4
Q
A
- NAD+
- NADH
5
Q
A
Oxidative phosphorylation
ADP → ATP
6
Q
Oxidative processes occur in the…
A
Mitochondria
7
Q
What are the byproducts of biological oxidation
A
- Heat
- CO2
- H2O
8
Q
A
Catabolism
9
Q
A
Anabolism
10
Q
Metabolism
A
- Chemical reactions occurring in living cells
- Allows cells to reproduce and grow
11
Q
Metabolism is split into which two categories?
A
- Anabolism
- Catabolism
12
Q
Catabolism
A
- Yields energy as ATP
- Breakdown of food in biological oxidation
13
Q
Anabolism
A
- Uses energy
- Constructs components of cells
- Protein + nucleic acid production
14
Q
Rate limiting step
A
- Slowest reaction in a pathway
- Determines the rate for the pathway
15
Q
Reactions which involve both anabolism and catabolism
A
Amphibolic reactions
16
Q
Give the three stages of energy extraction
A
- Formation of smaller molecules
- Formation of simple units
- Citric acid cycle (Resp. chain + Oxidative phosphorylation)
17
Q
Formation of smaller molecules
A
Break down of:
- Fats
- Polysaccharides
- Proteins
18
Q
Formation of simple units
A
- Primarily Acetyl CoA
- Fatty acids, glucose and amino acids are broken down into a common intermediate
- Glycolysis
19
Q
Citric acid cycle
A
- NADH + H+ production
- FADH2 production
- Oxidisation of acetyl-CoA
20
Q
Similarities and differences of biological oxidisation and combustions
A
- Similarity:
- End products are CO2 + H2O
- Difference:
- Biological oxidation: 40% of energy is stored as ATP
- Combustion: Heat + light produced
21
Q
Energy produced
A
2872 kJ/mol
22
Q
Energy produced
A
1102 kJ/mol
23
Q
Energy produced
A
9800 kJ/mol
24
Q
Energy produced
A
3948 kJ/mol
25
Give the two methods of producing ATP from different substrates
* Oxidative phosphorylation
* Substrate-level phosphorylation
26
Oxidative phosphorylation
Process of forming ATP by a proton motive force
27
Substrate-level phosphorylation
* Direct phosphorylation of ADP from phosphorylated intermediates
* Seen during glycolysis/GTP-forming step in citric acid cycle
28
Metabolic energy is stored in the...
High energy bonds
29
Give a 'high energy' bond
Phosphoanhydride bond
30
What gives 'high energy' bonds their energy?
* A large negative free energy change (ΔG) of hydrolysis
* High group transfer potential
31
AMP function
* Energy sensor
* Regulator of metabolism
* Stimulates metabolic pathways → ATP
32
Use of phosphocreatine/ creatine phosphate
* Used in nerve and muscle cells
* Storage of ~P bonds
33
What reaction does creatine kinase catalyse?
Phosphocreatine + ADP ↔ ATP + creatine
34
Where does creatine synthesis occur?
* Kidney (1st reaction)
* Liver (2nd reaction)
35
What regulates creatine synthesis?
Arg-Gly transamidinase
36
Name the high energy bond found between a carboxylic acid and a thiol group of coenzyme A
Thioester bond
Acetyl **~** CoA
37
The spontaneity of thioester cleavage is essential to the role of coenzyme A as an...
Acyl group carrier
38
Give the reaction for thioester bond formation
39
Free energy change of: Phosphocreatine
-43.1 kJ/mol
40
Free energy change of: Thioester bonds
-31.48 kJ/mol
41
Free energy change of: ATP → ADP
-30.6 kJ/mol
42
Respiratory chain
* H2O production in biological oxidation
* By electron transport
