Past Exam Questions (Midterm II) Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
What is regulating the urea cycle?
A
Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I
2
Q
How much energy is produced by the complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose?
A
36 mol ATP
3
Q
What creates NADPH?
A
- PPP
- FA synthesis
4
Q
What is the start molecule of GNG?
A
Pyruvate
5
Q
What are the start molecules of the citrate cycle?
A
Ac-CoA + OAC
6
Q
Where is ketosis not found?
A
Liver
7
Q
Which amino acid is essential in birds?
A
Arginine
8
Q
Which amino acid produces GABA?
A
Glutamate (Glutamic acid)
9
Q
Where is fat produced?
A
- Liver
- Mammary gland
- Adipose tissue
10
Q
What glucose concentration is found in ruminants?
A
2-3 mmol/l
11
Q
What is the start molecule for ketogenesis?
A
Ac-CoA
12
Q
Which enzymes uses TPP as a cofactor?
A
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
- Transaldolase/Transketolase
13
Q
How much energy is created by anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mol glucose?
A
2 mol ATP
14
Q
Which enzymes catalyse substrate level phosphorylation? (ATP production)
A
- Succinyl-CoA Synthetase
- Pyruvate Kinase
15
Q
Where does ketolysis occur?
A
- Mitochondria
- Mammary gland
- Brain
- Muscle
16
Q
Which enzyme regulates glycogenesis?
A
Hexokinase
17
Q
Which enzyme regulates glycogenolysis?
A
Glycogen phosphorylase
18
Q
Which enzyme regulates glyconeogenesis?
A
Fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
19
Q
Which enzymes regulate glycolysis?
A
- Hexokinase
- Phosphofructokinase 1
- Pyruvate kinase
20
Q
Which enzyme regulates TCA?
A
Citrate synthase
21
Q
Which enzyme regulates PPP?
A
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
22
Q
What is a common intermediate between gly and glucose?
A
Pyruvate
23
Q
What are the primary bile acids?
A
- Cholic acid
- Chenodeoxycholic acid
24
Q
What splits urea in ruminants?
A
Bacterial urease
25
Which amino acid is essential in equine?
Lys
26
Where does B-oh occur?
Mitochondria
27
How much energy does palmitic acid produce?
129 ATP
28
Which reactions is NADH2 produced in?
* GL
* TCA
* FA b-oh
29
Which reactions is biotin found in?
* FA synthesis - Ac-CoA carboxylase
* β-ox. of odd carbons - Propionyl CoA carboxylase
30
Which of the following will not require NADPH + H+?
* Synthesis of oleic acid
* Synthesis of palmitic acid
* The beta-oxidation of fatty acid
* Each of these requires NADPH+ H+
The beta-oxidation of fatty acid
31
Which of the following is not a dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle?
* Isocitrate dehydrogenase
* Alpha- ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
* Pyruvate dehydrogenase
* Succinate dehydrogenase
* Malate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
32
Alanine transaminase(ALT) transfers an amino group from alanine to...
Alpha-ketoglutarate
33
Which of the following statements about the reactions of glycolysis is true?
* In glycolysis glucose – 6 – phosphate is split into glyceraldehyde – 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
* In glycolysis glucose – 1,6 – biphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde – 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
* In glycolysis fructose – 6- phosphate is split into glyceraldehyde – 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
* In glycolysis glucose – 6 – phosphate is isomerized to fructose 1,6 – biphosphate
In glycolysis glucose – 1,6 – biphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde – 3- phosphate and dihydroxyacetone-phosphate
34
This enzymatic reaction takes place in the mitochondria
* 6 – phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
* Pyruvate kinase
* Succinate dehydrogenase
* Glucokinase
* All of these answers are true
All of these answers are true
35
Which contains B-D-glucose
* Starch
* Maltose
* Glycogen
* Cellulose
* Hyaluronic acid
Cellulose
36
From which molecule can oxaloacetate be produced?
* Malate
* Pyruvate
* Aspartate
* All of the answers are false 1-3
* All answers 1-3 are true
All answers 1-3 are true
37
Which pathway reaction takes place in the mitochondrion?
* Synthesis of palmitic acid
* Beta-oxidation of palmitic acid
* Glycolysis
* Glycogenesis
* All of the answers A-D is false
Beta-oxidation of palmitic acid
38
Which of the following statements about the generation of ATP in the electron transport chain is true?
* The generation of ATP from ADP coupled to electron transfer occurs by substrate-level phosphorylation as in glycolysis
* Electron transport generates a proton gradient across the outer mitochondrial membrane
* ATP synthase in valves are structured outside the inner mitochondrial membrane
* ATP synthase in valves are structures outside the outer mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase in valves are structured outside the inner mitochondrial membrane
39
Which enzyme uses NADP+ as a cofactor?
* 6–P–gluconate dehydrogenase
* Lactate dehydrogenase
* Glyceraldehyde – 3- P – dehydrogenase
* Succinate dehydrogenase
* All of the answers 1-4 is false
6–P–gluconate dehydrogenase
40
**Which of the following statements about the ketone bodies/acetoacetate and B- hydroxybutyrate is true?**
* Muscles produce ketone bodies from fatty acids
* Adipose tissue can produce ketone bodies from its fat stores
* The liver produces acetoacetate and B-hydroxybyturate from fatty acids
* Acetoacetate is metabolized to acetate in peripheral tissue
The liver produces acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate from fatty acids
41
**Increased cAMP concentration increases the activity of which of the following enzymes?**
* Phosphorylase kinase
* Glycogen phosphorylase
* Hormone-sensitive lipase
* All of these answers are false
* All of these answers are true
All of these answers are true
42
**Alpha–ketoglutarate is the end product of the reaction catalyzed by the following enzyme?**
* Pyruvate carboxylase
* Lactate dehydrogenase
* Pyruvate dehydrogenase
* Glutamate decarboxylase
* None of them
None of them
43
**The start molecule of ketogenesis**
* Propionyl-CoA
* Glycerol
* Glutamic acid (glutamate)
* Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA
44
**How much energy is produced in the anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mol glucose?**
* 2 mol ATP
* 3 mol ATP
* 36 mol ATP
* 129 mol ATP
* All of the answers A–D is false
2 mol ATP
45
**Which of the following enzymes need thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as cofactor?**
* Lactate dehydrogenase
* L–glutamate dehydrogenase
* Serine decarboxylase
* Pyruvate dehydrogenase
* Pyruvate carboxylase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
46
**Which of the following molecules contains the most carbon atoms?**
* Tyrosine
* Tyramine
* Palmitic acid
* Histidine
Palmitic acid
47
**The start molecule of ketogenesis**
* Leucine
* Glutamic acid
* Propanyl–Coa
* All of them is false
* All of them is true
Leucine
48
**Which pathway reaction takes place in mitochondria?**
* Synthesis of palmitic acid
* Beta-oxidation of palmitic acid
* Glycolysis
* Synthesis of cholesterol
* None of them
Beta-oxidation of palmitic acid
49
**How much energy is produced in the complete oxidation of 2 mol glucose?**
* 72
* 3
* 36
* 129
* None of them
72
50
**Characteristics of arachidonic acid?**
* Omega 6 unsaturated fatty acids, four double bonds, 20 C
* Omega 3, unsaturated fatty acids, three double bonds, 18 C
* Omega 6 unsaturated fatty acids, two double bonds, 18 C
* Omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids, four double bonds, 20 C
* None of them
Omega 6 unsaturated fatty acids, four double bonds, 20 C
51
Which hasn't got a high energy bond?
Glucose-6-Phosphate
52
The start molecule of GNG
Pyruvate
53
**From which molecule can oxaloacetate be produced?**
* Pyruvate
* Acetoacetate
* Leucine
* None of them
* All of them
Pyruvate
54
**This molecule can be synthesized from HMG-CoA in a given pathway**
* Acetate
* Acetone
* 3-Acyl-glycerol
* All of them are
* None of them
None of them
55
**Which of the following is a common intermediate in the conversion of Gly to glucose?**
* Phosphoenolpyruvate
* Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
* Malate
* Oxaloacetate
* Pyruvate
Pyruvate
56
**Which enzyme catalyzes reaction where substrates level phosphorylation happens?**
* Succinyl CoA synthetase/Pyruvate kinase
* Succinate dehydrogenase
* Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
* Glutamine synthetase
* None of them
Succinyl CoA synthetase/Pyruvate kinase
57
**Which establishment is not characteristic for the complex of the respiratory chain?**
* Collector is FMN
* Hydrogen uptake from any NADH + H+
* Contains HEM iron
* Contains proton channel
* None of them
Contains HEM iron
58
**Characteristic of linoleic acid?**
* 6 unsaturated fatty acids, two double bonds, 20 C
* 3 unsaturated fatty acids, three double bonds, 18 C
* 6 unsaturated fatty acids, two double bonds, 18 C
* 3 unsaturated fatty acids, three double bonds, 20 C
6 unsaturated fatty acids, two double bonds, 18 C
59
**In the urine of a healthy cat can be found?**
* Urea, uric acid and ammonium ion
* Urea, Allantoin, ammonium ion
* Only urea
* Only uric acid
* None of them
Urea, Allantoin, ammonium ion
60
**In the urine of a healthy dalmatian dog can be found?**
* Urea, uric acid and ammonium ion
* Urea, Allantoin, ammonium ion
* Only urea
* Only uric acid
* None of them
Urea, uric acid and ammonium ion
61
**The start molecule of gluconeogenesis**
* Acetoacetate
* Leucine
* Glutathione
* Lactate
* All of them
Lactate
62
**How many energy is produced in the beta-oxidation of 1 mol palmitoyl-CoA?**
* 129 mol ATP
* 131 mol ATP
* 146 mol ATP
* 148 mol ATP
* None of them
131 mol ATP
63
**This reaction happens in the cytoplasm**
* ATP citrate lyase
* Fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
* Succinate dehydrogenase
* HMG-CoA lyase
* None of them
ATP citrate lyase
64
Start molecule of oxaloacetate synthesis
Pyruvate
65
Allosteric enzyme
Reversible enzyme inhibition
66
Which amino acids can make pyruvate?
* Ala
* Ser
* Gly
* Cys
67
Which amino acid can make glutamic acid?
Alanine
68
Location of transaminases
Cytoplasm/Mitochondria
69
Give examples of VFAs
* Acetate
* Propionate
* Butyrate
70
Which compounds can be produced from HMG-CoA?
* Cholesterol
* KBS
71
Which enzyme is responsible for the transformation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate?
Pyruvate carboxylase
72
What are the uncoupling factors?
* Dinitrophenol
* Thermogenine
73
Which fatty acid has the longest chain?
DHA (22C)
74
Glucose level in birds
8-9mmol/l
75
Glucose level in dogs
4-5mmol/l
76
What is the first messenger in fat metabolism?
* Adrenaline
* Noradrenaline
* Glucagon
* ACTH
77
The activity of which enzyme is needed to produce a cofactor for the reaction catalysed by the glutathione reductase?
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
78
Alpha-ketoglutarate is the product of the enzymatic reaction catalysed by the enzyme...
L-Glutamate dehydrogenase
79
**Which enzyme is in use in the cytoplasm?**
* Pyruvate dehydrogenase
* Pyruvate kinase
* ATP synthase
* Enoyl hydratase
* L-glutamate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate kinase
80
**Which contains alpha-D-glucose?**
* Starch
* Lactose
* Heparin
* Cellulose
* Chondroitin sulphate
Starch
81
**In the urine of a healthy cat, what can be found?**
* Bilirubin I
* Urea
* Myoglobin
* All answers are true
* All answers are false
Urea
82
Oxaloacetate is made from an intermediary product of the anaerobe glycolysis by which reaction?
Carboxylation
83
**Which molecule can be produced in the intestine of a healthy dog?**
* Bilirubin I (indirect)
* Bilirubin II (direct)
* Biliverdin
* Urobilinogen
* All answers are false
Urobillinogen
84
**Which pathway/reaction takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion?**
* B-oxidation of palmitic acid
* Glycolysis
* Respiratory chain
* All answers are true
* All answers are false
B-oxidation of palmitic acid
85
**Ketone bodies can be produced by which molecule?**
* Glycerol
* Glutamate
* Propionyl-CoA
* Acetyl-CoA
* All answers are false
Acetyl-CoA
86
**Propionyl-CoA carboxylase converts propionyl-CoA to which of the following molecules?**
* Malonyl-CoA
* Methylmalonyl-CoA
* Succinyl-CoA
* All answers are false
* All answers are true
Methylmalonyl-CoA
87
**Which of the following molecules is a ketone body?**
* Acetoacetate
* Alpha-ketoglutarate
* Succinate
* Oxaloacetate
* Pyruvate
Acetoacetate
88
**Substrate (starting molecule) of gluconeogenesis**
* Propionate
* Acetoacetate
* Leucine
* Acetate
Propionate
89
How much energy is produced in the B-oxidation of 1 mol palmitoyl-CoA?
131 mol ATP
| (-2 for charging fatty acid = 129 ATP)
90
Give the transporter of Fe2+ ions on the basolateral side of the enterocytes
Ferroportin
91
**Which of the following molecules can be found in the urine of chicken under physiological conditions?**
* Acetic acid
* Allantoin
* Ammonia
* Uric acid
* Urea
Uric acid
92
**Which of the following enzymes has a role in the synthesis (B-reduction) of palmitic acid?**
* Fatty-acyl-carnitine transferase I
* B-ketothiolase
* 1st reductase (B-ketoacyl-S ACP reductase)
* All answers are true
* All answers are false
1st reductase (B-ketoacyl-S ACP reductase)
93
**Which of the following is an uncoupling factor?**
* CO
* Thermogenin
* Myoglobin
* cAMP
Thermogenin
94
Which of the following pathways results in cellular NADPH + H+ production?
* Glycolysis
* Urea cycle
* TCA cycle
* PPP
* All answers are false
PPP
95
Which is produced in the citrate (TCA) cycle?
* NADH + H+
* FADH2
* GTP
* All answers are true
All answers are true
* NADH + H+
* FADH2
* GTP
96
Which enzyme of the citrate (TCA) cycle needs TPP as a cofactor?
Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
97
Which molecule can be produced by the transamination of aspartate?
Oxaloacetate
98
**Which of the following enzymes can be found in the mitochondrial matrix of the liver?**
* Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
* HMG-CoA reductase
* HMG-CoA lyase
* All answers are true
* All answers are false
HMG-CoA lyase
99
**Which of the following molecules is produced by the decarboxylation of aspartate?**
* B-alanine
* GABA
* Alpha-ketoglutarate
* Glutamine
* All answers are true
B-alanine
100
**Which group of molecules does lecithin belong to?**
* Sphingolipids
* Carotenoids
* Glycerol phosphatides
* Steroids
Glycerol phosphatides
101
**Which of the following pathways doesn't happen in the liver of the healthy horse?**
* Conjugation of bilirubin with glucuronic acid
* Synthesis of primary bile acids
* Degradation of ketone bodies (ketolysis)
* B-oxidation of fatty acids
Degradation of ketone bodies (ketolysis)
102
How many mol ATP will be produced from one mol FADH2 in oxidative phosphorylation?
2 mol ATP
103
**Citrate cycle begins with the condensation of**
* Propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
* Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
* 2 x acetyl-CoA
* All answers are false
Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate
