Intro Prt 2

Question 1

7 HUMAN ONCOVIRUSES

Answer 1

Human papilloma virus
Epstein barr virus
Hepatitis B virus
Human herpes virus
Merkel cell polyomavirus
HTLV
Hepatitis C virus

Question 2

→ benign & malignant warts
• Types___,____ = cervical cancer

Answer 2

• Human papillomaviruses (HPV)

16 & 18

Question 3

• infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma & nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Answer 3

• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

Question 4

hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 4

• Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Question 5

Kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 5

• Human herpesvirus 8

Question 6

→ Merkel cell carcinoma, neuroectodermal tumor

Answer 6

• Merkel cell polyomavirus

Question 7

leukemia & lymphoma

Answer 7

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus

Question 8

hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 8

• Hepatitis C virus

Question 9

• has only a single molecule of circular RNA
• No capsid or envelope; affect only plant diseases

Answer 9

Viroids

Question 10

• Infectious; no detectable nucleic acid, only a single type of protein molecule; highly resistant to heat, formaldehyde, UV
• transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, scrapie in sheep/goats)

Answer 10

Prions

Question 11

• Circular, ssRNA dependent on viruses for replication and encapsidation; does not code for proteins; affect crops

Answer 11

Virusoids

Question 12

• satellite’, viroid-like, larger than viroids

Answer 12

Virusoids

Question 13

Nucleic acid & proteins

• Require a “helper virus” to replicate (ex. Hepa D virus)

Answer 13

Defective Viruses

Question 14

• recombinant viral particles with its core/backbone and envelope proteins derived from different viruses, unable to produce surface protein on their own

Answer 14

Pseudovirions

Question 15

• Viruses that infect and replicate in the bacteria or the archaea; do not attach eukaryotic cells.

Answer 15

Bacteriophages

Question 16

• Results in progeny virus that carries traits not found together in either parent

Answer 16

Recombination

Question 17

ex. Influenza virus - the formation of recombinant is caused by reassortment of individual genome fragments

Answer 17

Recombination

Question 18

• One virus provides a gene product in which the second is defective,

allowing the 2nd virus to grow; genotypes remain unchanged

Answer 18

Complementation

Question 19

• Genome of a virus becomes randomly incorporated within capsid proteins specified by a different virus;

not a stable genetic change

Answer 19

Phenotypic Mixing/Masking or transcapsidation

Question 20

• Infection with 2 viruses leads to an inhibition of multiplication of one of the viruses (block receptors for adsorption, compete with replication apparatus, induce cell to produce inhibitors or interferons

Answer 20

Interference

Question 21

1. Cell or tissue cultures or fertile eggs - for analyses of viral replication and protein function
   2.______ - de novo from live animal cells, for primary isolation, studies of pathogenesis

Answer 21

Animal culture

Question 22

Cell cultures:
a.________ -cells isolated from human or animal tissue using enzymatic or mechanical methods; adherent or suspension types.

Ex.
Primary monkey kidney cells, human embryonic kidney

Answer 22

Primary cells

Question 23

b._______ - cells that have been continually passaged over a long period of time, finite or continuous cell lines.

______\-derived from diploid cell lines or from malignant tissue, ex. Hep-2 cells (human epidermoid carcinoma), HeLa cells (cervical carcinoma)

Answer 23

Cell lines

Continuous cell lines

Question 24

is commonly used to describe the density of adherent cells and it is used as a measure of their proliferation. •_____ confluency means that 10% of the surface the dish or flask used is covered with cells •____ means that it is entirely covered

Answer 24

Cell culture 10% 100%

Question 25

The level of confluency is important as the cells change their growth with changing densities. • Low density cells (10-20%) usually grow slower than 50% confluent cells. • If the plate is completely grown by cells, they tend to grow much slower again.

Question 26

DETECTION OF VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS

Answer 26

1. Development of CYTOPATIC EFFECTS (CPE) 2. Appearance of a virus-encoded protein 3. Detection of virus 4. Hemadsorption

Question 27

• Cell lysis or necrosis • Rapid rounding of cells • Inclusion body formation • Focal areas of fused cells - syncytia • Giant cell formation • Cytoplasmic vacuolization

Answer 27

Development of CYTOPATIC EFFECTS (CPE) (morphologic changes in the cells)

Question 28

Appearance of a virus-encoded protein, ex.______ of influenza virus. Specific antisera can be used for detection.

Answer 28

Hemagglutinin

Question 29

Detection of virus-specific nucleic acid. Molecular based assays -___

Answer 29

PCR

Question 30

- adsorption of erythrocytes to infected cells, ex. Parainfluenza, influenza

Answer 30

Hemadsorption

Question 31

Direct droplet or aerosol infection (eg,4);

Answer 31

influenza rhinovirus measles small pox

Question 32

Direct sexual contact (eg,4)

Answer 32

papillomavirus hepatitis B herpes simplex type 2 human immunodeficiency virus

Question 33

Direct by hand-mouth, hand-eye, or mouth-mouth contact (eg,2);

Answer 33

herpes simplex Epstein-Barr virus

Question 34

Direct exchange of contaminated blood (eg,3).

Answer 34

hepatitis B hepatitis C human immunodeficiency virus

Question 35

Indirect transmission by the fecal-oral route (eg,3) or by fomites (eg,2).

Answer 35

enteroviruses, rotaviruses, and hepatitis A Norwalk virus and rhinovirus

Question 36

animal to animal, with humans an accidental host. Spread may be by bite (_____) or by droplet or aerosol infection from rodent-contaminated quarters (eg,2).

Answer 36

rabies arenaviruses and hantaviruses

Question 37

Transmission by means of an arthropod vector (eg, arboviruses, now classified primarily as 3)

Answer 37

togaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses

Question 38

MOT (eg, influenza, rhinovirus, measles, and small pox);

Answer 38

droplet or aerosol infection

Question 39

MOT (eg, papillomavirus, hepatitis B, herpes simplex type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus);

Answer 39

sexual contact

Question 40

MOT (eg, herpes simplex and Epstein-Barr virus);

Answer 40

hand-mouth, hand-eye, or mouth-mouth contact

Question 41

MOT (eg, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus).

Answer 41

exchange of contaminated blood

Question 42

MOT ______(eg, enteroviruses, rotaviruses, and hepatitis A) or by _______(eg, Norwalk virus and rhinovirus).

Answer 42

fecal-oral route fomites

Question 43

Transmission from animal to animal, with humans an accidental host. Spread may be by______ (rabies) or by droplet or aerosol infection from______-contaminated quarters (eg, arenaviruses and hantaviruses).

Answer 43

bite rodent

Question 44

MOT (eg, arboviruses, now classified primarily as togaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses)

Answer 44

arthropod vector

Question 45

• Self-limiting • Symptoms of sudden onset or last a short time • Ex. rhinoviruses

Answer 45

Acute, nonpersistent infection

Question 46

Acute, nonpersistent infection Ex.

Answer 46

Rhinovirus

Question 47

• Virus persists in an occult/hidden/cryptic form • No new virus • Intermittent flare-ups clinically • Ex. Herpesviruses, chickenpox

Answer 47

• Latent infection

Question 48

Latent infection ex

Answer 48

Herpesviruses, chickenpox

Question 49

Replicating virus continuously detected often at low levels • Mild or no symptoms • Associated with certain types of cancer or progressive degenerative disease • Ex. EBV, hepatitis B

Answer 49

Chronic or persistent infection

Question 50

Chronic ex

Answer 50

EBV, hepatitis B

Question 51

• Long incubation periods • Slow, progressive diseases • Ex. HIV

Answer 51

Slow Infection

Question 54

is commonly used to describe the density of adherent cells and it is used as a measure of their proliferation. •_____ confluency means that 10% of the surface the dish or flask used is covered with cells •____ means that it is entirely covered

Answer 54

Cell culture 10% 100%