1. Breaking down and recycling organic matter 2. Food production (beer, cheese, bread) 3. Antibiotics (penicillin) 4. Drug (immunosuppressive drug, i.e. cyclosporine or CsA) 5. Model system in molecular biology

Week 1 Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

FUNGI
o Widely distributed in nature
o Natural habitats: (3)
o______ existence

water, soil, and decaying organic debris

Heterotrophic

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Heterotrophic Existence

Unlike plants, fungi cannot produce their own food because they lack______. Instead, they absorb nutrients from external sources. Depending on how they obtain their nutrients, fungi can be classified as:
• ________– Decomposers that break down dead organic matter, recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem.
• ________– Fungi that form mutualistic relationships with other organisms (e.g., mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots).
• ________– Fungi that live on or within a host without causing harm (e.g., some Candida species in humans).
• _________– Fungi that live on or inside a host and cause harm (e.g., dermatophytes that cause ringworm).

chlorophyll

Saprophytes (Saprobes)

Symbionts

Commensals

Parasites

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IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI

Breaking down and recycling organic matter
Food production (beer, cheese, bread)
Antibiotics (penicillin)
Drug (immunosuppressive drug, i.e. cyclosporine or CsA)
Model system in molecular biology

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Impact: PFH

Phytopathogen
Food spoilage
Human diseases

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Phytopathogens (Plant Pathogens)

Some fungi cause devastating diseases in plants, leading to agricultural losses. Examples include:

• ________– Causes Panama disease in bananas.

• ________– Causes corn smut (tumor-like growths on corn).

• _________– Causes potato blight, responsible for the Irish Potato Famine.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc)

Ustilago maydis

Phytophthora infestans

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Food Spoilage

Certain fungi contaminate food, causing deterioration and the production of harmful toxins (mycotoxins). Common spoilage fungi include:
• _______– Some species produce aflatoxins, which are toxic and carcinogenic.
• _______– Can cause spoilage in fruits, bread, and dairy products.
• _______– Often found on rotting fruits and bread.
• _______– Can spoil beverages by fermenting unwanted sugars.
• _______– Can contaminate dairy and fruit juices.

Aspergillus

Penicillium

Rhizopus

Saccharomyces

Candida

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Medical Importance
____types (___species)
About____ spp. cause human disease
___spp most pathogenic

~400,000

50,000

200

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T or F: There are no nonpathogenic fungi!

TRUE

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Kingdom
Nutritional type
Multicellularity
Cellular arrangement
Food acquisition method
Characteristic features

Embryo formation

Fungi
Chemoheterotroph
All, except yeasts
Unicellular, filamen-tous, fleshy (such
as mushrooms)
Absorptive
Sexual and asexual spores
None

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FUNGI

Structural Characteristics
• ______organisms with a rigid cell wall composed of:
• _____(2) (providing structural integrity).
• Cell membrane contains_____ (instead of cholesterol, which is found in human cells).

•	Can exist as: (3)

Eukaryotic

Chitin and glucan

ergosterol

• Unicellular (yeasts)
• Multicellular (molds)
• Dimorphic fungi (can switch between yeast and mold forms depending on temperature and environment).

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FUNGI

Metabolic and Growth Characteristics
• Oxygen Requirements:
• Most fungi are _____ (2)
• ________:
• Obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter rather than photosynthesis.
• Secrete enzymes that break down a variety of organic materials into soluble nutrients, allowing them to thrive in diverse environments.

facultative anaerobes (can survive with or without oxygen) or strict aerobes (require oxygen).

Chemotrophic

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FUNGI

Reproduction
• Reproduce sexually and/or asexually through:
• ________(in yeasts).
• ________(in molds and dimorphic fungi).

Budding or fission

Spore formation

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FUNGI

Special Adaptations
• ________ – Cannot produce their own food via photosynthesis.

• pH and Environment:
• Prefer___ environments (pH____).
• Thrive in high___ concentrations.

• Amino Acid Metabolism:
• Synthesize lysine via the_____ (a unique fungal feature).

Non-photosynthetic (achlorophyllous)

acidic; 5-6

sugar

α-aminoadipic acid (α-aminoadipate) pathway

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: Mushroom
: Study of fungi
: diseases caused by fungi

Mykos (Gk)

Mycology

Mycoses

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: ability to grow as yeast at 37° C and as mold at room temp.

Dimorphism

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: non-pigmented fungi
: pigment-producing fungi

Hyaline fungi

Dematiaceous fungi

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: sausage-like elongation from daughter cells

Pseudohyphae

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: threadlike tubular structures that elongate at their tips by apical extension (coenocytic, septate)

Hyphae

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: matlike structures of hyphae (filamentous, hairy or wooly molds)

Mycelium

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: growing on or beneath the surface of the agar

: hyphae that project above the surface of the medium

Vegetative hyphae

Aerial hyphae

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: asexual reproductive elements (spores)

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Conidia

Morphologic Classification of FUNGI

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YEAST
MOLD
DIMORPHIC

YEASTS

General Characteristics
• Unicellular fungi that reproduce either by _____ or ____

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budding or fission.

YEASTS

Microscopic Features
• Shape:______
• Reproduction:
•____– Small outgrowth (bud) forms on the parent cell.
•____– The bud that eventually detaches and becomes a new yeast cell.
•____– Chains of elongated yeast cells that resemble true hyphae but lack septa.

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Oval to round

Budding

Blastospore

Pseudohyphae

YEASTS MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS

Oval to round Budding Blastospore Pseudohyphae

YEASTS Macroscopic Features (Colony Morphology) • Yeast colonies are…

round pasty or mucoid opaque cream-colored

MONOMORPHIC Yeasts (Exist only in yeast form) (3) CCG

• Candida albicans • Cryptococcus neoformans • Geotrichum candidum

MOLDS General Characteristics • ***Multicellular fungi*** composed of_____ (long, branching filaments). • Hyphal width:_____ • Hyphae form a network called__

hyphae 2–10 µm mycelia

MOLDS Hyphae form a network called **mycelia,*** which can be: • _____– Grows into the substrate for nutrient absorption. • _____– Produces spores for reproduction and elongates by apical extension.

Vegetative (Thallus) Reproductive (Aerial)

MOLDS Macroscopic Features (Colony Morphology) • Mold colonies can appear…

cottony hairy woolly velvety granular filamentous

MONOMORPHIC Molds (Exist only in mold form) (3) MET

• Microsporum spp. • Epidermophyton floccosum • Trichophyton spp.

MOLDS PIGMENTATION: observed…

front and reverse pigment

MOLDS (3) CLASSIFICATION OF HYPHAE

A. EXISTENCE OF SEPTA B. PRESENCE OF PIGMENT C. HYPHAL SHAPES

MOLDS Hyphae Based on the Presence of Septa 1. _______– Sparsely septated (few or no divisions). 2. _______– Clearly divided by septa (cross-walls).

Coenocytic Hyphae Septate Hyphae

MOLDS Hyphae Based on Pigmentation •____– Non-pigmented, transparent. •____– Darkly pigmented, contain melanin.

Hyaline Hyphae Dematiaceous Hyphae

MOLDS In Medically Important Fungi, 3 Types Of Hyphae: 1.____ - sparsely septated 2.____ - dark and pigmented septate hyphae 3.____ - septate, non-pigmented hyphae

Coenocytic Dematiaceous fungi Hyaline molds

Hyphal Shape

Pectinate Body Nodular Organ Spiral Hyphae Favic Chandelier (Antler Hyphae) Racquet Hyphae

shape Microsporum audouinii

Pectinate Body

Shape Microsporum canis

Nodular organ

Shape Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Spiral hyphae

Shape Trichophyton schoenleinii

Favic chandelier Antler hyphae

Shape Epidermophyton floccosum

Racquet hyphae

; an invasive property of pathogenic fungi Ability to switch between two different morphological forms based on temperature.

Thermal dimorphism

DIMORPHIC FUNGI • ______: At 35–37°C (found inside the host; invasive form). • ______: At 25–30°C (found in the environment; saprophytic form).

Yeast form Mold form

DIMORPHIC FUNGI Microscopic Features •____: Oval, elongated, or cigar-shaped yeast cells. •____: Brown to black filamentous colonies with thin septate hyphae, conidia in clusters, or a daisy-wheel pattern.

Yeast form Mold form

DIMORPHIC FUNGI (SHBCPT)

1. Sporothrix schenckii 2. Histoplasma capsulatum 3. Blastomyces dermatitidis 4. Coccidioides immitis 5. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 6. Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei

***Subcutaneous/Systemic Mycosis*** • – Causes .. (Rose gardener’s disease).

Sporothrix schenckii

***Systemic Mycoses*** (Cause deep infections in immunocompetent individuals) 4

• Histoplasma capsulatum • Blastomyces dermatitidis • Coccidioides immitis • Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Opportunistic Mycosis (Affects immunocompromised patients) • – Affects HIV/AIDS patients in Southeast Asia.

Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei

• _____are unicellular, reproduce by budding or fission, and form pasty or mucoid colonies. • _____are multicellular, have hyphae, and produce cottony or filamentous colonies. • _____fungi can switch between yeast (in host) and mold (in environment) forms and cause systemic or opportunistic infections.

Yeasts Molds Dimorphic

Week 1 Flashcards

(50 cards)