Intro to Haematology

Question 1

name the 3 types of blood cell

Answer 1

RBC
WBC
platelet

Question 2

what is haematopoesis?

Answer 2

production of blood cells

Question 3

main sites of haematopoesis at birth?

Answer 3

bone marrow
liver
spleen

Question 4

main sites of haematopoesis as an adult?

Answer 4

bone marrow of skull
ribs 
sternum
pelvis
proximal ends of femur

Question 5

main function of platelets?

Answer 5

to prevent bleeding

Question 6

blood cells are derived from what structures?

Answer 6

stem cells

Question 7

myeloid progenitor cells have the ability to become what cells?

Answer 7

granulocytes
monocytes
erythrocytes
platelets

Question 8

what is the earliest form of a neutrophil?

Answer 8

myeloblast

Question 9

what is an erythrocyte?

Answer 9

a red blood cell

Question 10

earliest form of an erythrocyte?

Answer 10

pronormoblast

Question 11

penultimate cell in erythrocyte formation?

Answer 11

reticulocyte

Question 12

what colour is the eosin stain?

Answer 12

red

Question 13

what colour do basophils appear on stain and why?

Answer 13

dark blue/black as they are basic

Question 14

what colour do eosinophils appear on film and why?

Answer 14

red from eosin stain

Question 15

the granules of granulocytes are easily visible on what kind of test?

Answer 15

light microscopy

Question 16

what cells have a segmented nucleus?

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

function of neutrophils?

Answer 17

phagocytosis in response to stress/trauma/infarction

Question 18

what cells have a bi-lobed nucleus?

Answer 18

eosinophils

Question 19

“bright orange granules”

Answer 19

eosinophil

Question 20

function of eosinophils?

Answer 20

fight parasites

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 21

who has a high eosinophil count?

Answer 21

people with allergic conditions eg asthma

Question 22

basophils are frequent/infrequent in the circulation

Answer 22

infrequent

Question 23

what are the granules like in basophils?

Answer 23

large and deep purple

obscure the nucleus

Question 24

function of basophils?

Answer 24

questioned
like a mast cell
mediates hypersensitivity reactions

Question 25

what is more long lived: monocytes or neutrophils?

Answer 25

monocytes (basically long-life neutrophils)

Question 26

describe the nucleus and granules of a monocyte

Answer 26

large single nucleus | vacuolated granules

Question 27

function of monocytes?

Answer 27

become macrophages | phagocytosis

Question 28

describe the appearance of mature lymphocyte

Answer 28

small with condensed nucleus and SMALL rim of cytoplasm

Question 29

describe the appearance of an activated lymphocyte

Answer 29

large with a BIG blue cytoplasm | usually around red blood cells

Question 30

function of a lymphocyte?

Answer 30

cognate response to infection via B, T, NK cells | brains of the immune system

Question 31

the presence of an activated lymphocyte indicates what?

Answer 31

there is active (often viral) infection going on

Question 32

how can you recognise more primitive precursor cells?

Answer 32

1. immunophenotyping (you can find out where a cell has come from/developed from by its surface proteins) 2. bio-assay (shows lineage)

Question 33

what structures other than blood can be examined for haematopoetic pathology?

Answer 33

spleen liver lymph nodes

Question 34

where are bone marrow samples taken from for bone marrow biopsy?

Answer 34

PSIS

Question 35

difference between a trephine biopsy and a biopsy from aspiration?

Answer 35

aspiration is taking bone marrow liquid | trephine is taking a core of bone marrow