Normal RBCs

Question 1

negatives of RBCs having no nucleus?

Answer 1

cant divide or replace damaged proteins

Question 2

RBCs have a __ oncotic pressure, why is this?

Answer 2

high

full of Hb

Question 3

how do RBCs generate energy?

Answer 3

glycolysis

Question 4

name the 4 subunits of Hb

Answer 4

2 alpha

2 beta

Question 5

where is iron located in a Hb molecule?

Answer 5

the middle of the haem group

Question 6

what form of iron is in Hb and why?

Answer 6

Fe2+ to attract 1 oxygen

Question 7

how many O2 molecules can bind to Hb

Answer 7

4

Question 8

Fe3+ is the ___ed version of Fe2+

Answer 8

oxygenated

Question 9

what does Hb do?

Answer 9

delivers O2 to tissues
acts as a buffer for H+ (can take it up if need be)
CO2 transport

Question 10

red cell destruction occurs where?

Answer 10

spleen

Question 11

globin chains are recycled to what structures?

Answer 11

amin acids

Question 12

heme group is recycled to what structures?

Answer 12

iron

bilirubin

Question 13

aged red cells are taken up by what cells?

Answer 13

macrophages

Question 14

how are RBCs excreted?

Answer 14

haem group broken down to bilirubin
conjugated by liver
excreted in bile via urine/faeces

Question 15

name the structures in the haem-bilirubin pathway

Answer 15

heme to porphyrin to biliverdin to bilirubin

Question 16

how does erythropoetin regulate red cell production?

Answer 16

hypoxia sensed by kidney
erythropoetin made which stimulates red cell production
high RBC count will switch off EPO

Question 17

why can you get anaemia from renal failure?

Answer 17

erythropoetin is made here which regulates RBC production

Question 18

how does NADH maintain red cell oxygenation

Answer 18

stops oxidation of iron (a reducing agent) by turning back into NAD+ in glycolysis

Question 19

what is methaemoglobin?

Answer 19

Fe3+

Question 20

“blue patient”

Answer 20

methaemoglobin anaemia

Question 21

what substance can get rid of hydrogen peroxide? what does it convert it to?

Answer 21

glutathione

water

Question 22

why is hydrogen peroxide a problem for red blood cells

Answer 22

it is a ROS so will oxygenate the cells and cause damage

Question 23

what substance can replenish glutathione levels?

Answer 23

NADPH

Question 24

what does the hexose monophosphate shunt mediate?

Answer 24

glutathione production and thus prevents formation of ROS

Question 25

how does CO2 get from lungs to tissues?

Answer 25

1. as HCO3 (most) 2. bound to Hb 3. dissolved in solution (least)

Question 26

what effect does Cl entry have on RBCs

Answer 26

it swells them

Question 27

how does fetal Hb differ from adult Hb

Answer 27

has 2 gamma groups instead of 2 beta groups

Question 28

describe the shape of the O2-haemoglobin curve

Answer 28

sigmoidal

Question 29

what is O2 sat of haemoglobin like in the lungs?

Answer 29

v high

Question 30

oxygen binding to Hb has an allosteric/antagonistic effect

Answer 30

allosteric | 1 oxygen bound makes the next O2 binding easier and so on

Question 31

fetal Hb can saturate more/less oxygen at a respective PO2 than adult

Answer 31

more (needs more from maternal circulation)

Question 32

monomeric myoglobin takes O2 from what structures?

Answer 32

red cells

Question 33

2,3-DPG is the same as 2,3-BPG T or F

Answer 33

T

Question 34

what shifts O2 dissociation curve to the right?

Answer 34

low pH - oxygen RELEASED to tissues high DPG high temp

Question 35

what shifts O2 dissociation curve to the left

Answer 35

high PH low DPG low temp

Question 36

2,3-DPG is ___ed in chronic anaemia

Answer 36

increased

Question 37

components of CADET face RIGHT?

Answer 37

``` CO2 acidosis 2,3-DPG exercise temp ```