Intro to Human Development

Question 1

changes in human performance dependent on maturation

Answer 1

development

Question 2

multidisciplinary study on how people change and remain the same over time

Answer 2

human development

Question 3

quantitative/measurable changes that occur over time e.g. height, weight, etc.

Answer 3

growth

Question 4

qualitative changes related to growth; physical, emotional and intellectual development

Answer 4

maturation

Question 5

acquisition of a new skill/behavior related to interaction with the environment; involves repetition and practice

Answer 5

learning

Question 6

ability/process to anticipate and react to a stimulus by modification

Answer 6

adaptation

Question 7

biopsychosocial framework: genetics and lifestyle factors

Answer 7

biological

Question 8

biopsychosocial framework: cognitive, emotional, peronality, perceptual factors

Answer 8

psychological

Question 9

biopsychosocial framework: racial, cultural, societal, ethnic factors

Answer 9

sociocultural

Question 10

biopsychosocial framework: differences in how the same events affect people of different ages “Timing is everything”

Answer 10

life-cycle

Question 11

List Characteristics of human development (3)

Answer 11

• Nature and nurture
• continuity and discontinuity
• universal and context-specific

Question 12

What is nature vs nurture?

Answer 12

nature - influences of genetics or hereditary

nurture - influences of experiences and environment

Question 13

What is continuity vs. discontinuity

Answer 13

smooth progression vs. series of abrupt shifts

Question 14

What is universal and context-specific?

Answer 14

universal - all follow same path of development

context-specific - interactions with environment shape development

Question 15

development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts at different ages

Answer 15

psychodynamic theory

Question 16

A personality developed by interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands

Life cycle = 8 stages. Order is biologically fixed

Answer 16

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Question 17

development determined by learning from experiences or from observation

Answer 17

learning theory

Question 18

consequences of behavior determine if behavior is repeated in the future

Answer 18

B.F. Skinner - Behaviorism: operant conditioning

Question 19

people learn appropriate behaviors by imitation; self-efficacy determines what behaviors are imitated

Answer 19

Bandura - Social learning theory

Question 20

focused on how people think and how thinking changes over time

Answer 20

Cognitive-developmental theory

Question 21

Cognitive-developmental theory influences (3):

Answer 21

• Piaget’s theory
• Information-processing theory
• Vygotsky’s Theory

Question 22

children develop cognitively through environmental interactions which leads to more sophisticated understanding and reasoning; adaptation is key.

Answer 22

Piaget’s Theory

Question 23

The 4 stages of Piaget’s Theory:

Answer 23

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational thought
3. Concrete operational thought
4. Formal operational thought

Question 24

developmental changes reflective of mental hardware (cognitive structures that allow storage of information) and mental software (cognitive processes that allow completion of tasks)

Answer 24

Information-processing theory

Question 25

emphasized sociocultural influences on thinking; children develop by learning values, customs, and cultural beliefs from adults

Answer 25

Vygotsky's Theory

Question 26

focused on the complex, multi-level environmental influences on development

Answer 26

ecological and systems theory

Question 27

``` ? development within a series of interactive systems: 1. Microsystem - ? 2. Mesosystem - ? 3. Exosystem - ? 4. Macrosystem - ? ```

Answer 27

Bronfenbrenner's theory 1. Microsystem - immediate environment 2. Mesosystem - connections between microsystems 3. Exosystem - social settings that do not include person 4. Macrosystem - cultures and subcultures

Question 28

abilities reflect systems in which a person lives

Answer 28

competence-environmental press theory

Question 29

Lifelong development theory's 3 influences:

Answer 29

- life-span perspective - selective optimization with compensation model - life-course perspective

Question 30

human development is multi-determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework

Answer 30

life-span perspective

Question 31

4 features or Life-Span Perspective: 1. ______ - involves both growth and decline 2. _____ - skills can be learned or improved with practice 3. _____ - influence of historical time and culture 4. _____ - influences of biopsychosocial framework

Answer 31

1. multidirectionality 2. plasticity 3. historical context 4. multiple causation

Question 32

Three processes that generate and regulate behaviors as person ages for successful adaptation

Answer 32

Selective Optimization with Compensation Model

Question 33

Selective Optimization with Compensation Model 1. _____ - from a range of opportunities or possibilities; may involve change in goals 2. _____ - goals stay the same but an alternative way to achieve the goal is needed 3. _____ - best match possible between resources and desired goals

Answer 33

1. Selection 2. Compensation 3. Optimization

Question 34

considers generational experiences in relation to respective historical contexts

Answer 34

Life-Course Perspective