Intro to respiratory system and lung anatomy

Question 1

parts of upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 2

parts of lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 3

where does trachea bifurcate to make bronchi

Answer 3

sternal angle (lower border of T4 vertebrae)

Question 4

tracheobronchial tree

Answer 4

branching structure of airways consisting of a conducting ( no gas exchange) and respiratory portion (gas exchange occurs)

Question 5

parts of conducting portion

Answer 5

trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole, terminal bronchiole

Question 6

parts of respiratory portion

Answer 6

respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus

Question 7

how many lobes and fissures does the left lung have

Answer 7

two lobes (superior and inferior) and one oblique fissure

Question 8

how many lobes and fissures does the rich lung have

Answer 8

there lobes superior middle and inferior with two fissures horizontal and oblique

Question 9

three surfaces of lung

Answer 9

costal surface on outside, mediastinal surface on inner part, diaphragmatic surface on base

Question 10

name of notch in anterior border of left lung

Answer 10

cardiac notch with lingula projection

Question 11

borders of the lung

Answer 11

anterior on inner side, posterior on outer side, inferior on bottom

Question 12

Name the muscle that completes the tracheal ring posteriorly

Answer 12

trachealis muscle

Question 13

Lying immediately lateral to the trachea in the neck are the

Answer 13

common carotid arteries

Question 14

The nerve lying immediately lateral to the trachea on both sides is the

Answer 14

vagus nerve

Question 15

At what vertebral level does the trachea divide into the two main bronchi?

Answer 15

carina

Question 16

what makes right bronchi different

Answer 16

shorter, wider and more vertical

Question 17

hilum

Answer 17

the area on the mediastinal surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung

Question 18

root

Answer 18

structures which enter and leave the lung at the hilum are known collectively as the root of the lung

Question 19

structures within root

Answer 19

bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics, nerves

Question 20

what is at top for left and right lung root

Answer 20

pulmonary artery for left and bronchus for right

Question 21

major structures related to left lung

Answer 21

the heart, aortic arch, oesophagus, descending thoracic aorta, left subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to the superior lobe of the left lung as they pass over the dome of the cervical pleura and into axilla

Question 22

major structures related to right lung

Answer 22

the heart, inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, oesophagus, right subclavian artery and vein arch over and are related to superior lobe of right lung as they pass over the dome of the cervical pleura and into axilla

Question 23

what is clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 23

each lung segment (10 in right and 8or9 in left) has its own individual blood and air supply from branches of the pulmonary artery and the bronchi, which allows a surgeon to remove a particular segment without adversely affecting any neighbouring segments.

Question 24

lungs are innervated by

Answer 24

pulmonary plexus

Question 25

what lymph nodes are found at the entrance to the hilum

Answer 25

The bronchomediastinal/bronchopulmonary/hilar group of lymph nodes

Question 26

describe pulmonary circulation

Answer 26

carries deoxygenated blood away from right ventricle of the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary vein

Question 27

what supplies oxygenated blood and nutrition to the lung tissue and the larger airways

Answer 27

bronchial circulation. enters the lungs at the hilum along with the pulmonary arteries

Question 28

describe bronchial circulation

Answer 28

enters the lungs at the hilum along with the pulmonary arteries. two bronchial arteries supply the left lung and one the right lung. The bronchial veins return this deoxygenated blood to the systemic circulation

Question 29

layers of pleura

Answer 29

parietal layer and visceral layer with pleural space or true pleural cavity between

Question 30

which layer of the pleura is sensitive to pain

Answer 30

parietal

Question 31

which nerves supply sensation to the pleura

Answer 31

phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 32

4 types of parietal pleura

Answer 32

mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal, apical

Question 33

pleural reflections

Answer 33

occurs where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface, e.g., from the inner surface of the ribs onto the superior surface of the diaphragm

Question 34

pleural effusion.

Answer 34

excessive accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

Question 35

Pleural recesses

Answer 35

the parietal pleura is more widely separated from the visceral pleura during expiration thus forming a pleural recess

Question 36

parietal pleura is supplied by

Answer 36

somatic nerves

Question 37

visceral pleura is supplied by

Answer 37

autonomic nerves

Question 38

At which vertebral level does the trachea commence in the neck?

Answer 38

c6

Question 39

Which connective tissue fibre (collagen, elastic, reticular) predominates in the respiratory tract?

Answer 39

elastic

Question 40

Name the two cell types found in the epithelial layer of respiratory tract

Answer 40

ciliated and goblet

Question 41

What is the type of epithelium called in the respiratory tract?

Answer 41

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 42

In which tissue layer of the trachea are the secretory glands found?

Answer 42

submucosa layer

Question 43

Are there glands, cartilage or smooth muscle present in a bronchiole (yes or no)?

Answer 43

no glands no cartilage yes smooth muscle

Question 44

Proportionately significant increase of which tissue in a bronchiole vs. a bronchus?

Answer 44

blood vessels

Question 45

3 types of cell found in the wall of an alveolus and give the function of each:

Answer 45

type 1 pneuomocytes- gas exchange, type 2 pneuomocytes- release surfactant, macrophage- immunity