Introductory Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy based n divisions or regions
A
Regional anatomy
2
Q
Plane that divides body into left and right down the center of the body
A
Median plane
3
Q
Plane that divides the body into left and right sides not down the middle of the body
A
Sagittal plane
4
Q
Plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
A
Frontal or coronal
5
Q
Plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
A
Horizontal, transverse, or axial plane
6
Q
Plane that is in a diagonal direction
A
Oblique plane
7
Q
Which way do you look at CT scans
A
From foot up
8
Q
Front of the body
A
Anterior/Ventral
9
Q
Back of body
A
Posterior/Dorsal
10
Q
Top of body
A
Superior
11
Q
Bottom of body
A
Inferior
12
Q
Middle of body
A
Medial
13
Q
Side of body
A
Lateral
14
Q
Closer to mid line
A
Proximal
15
Q
Further from mid line
A
Distal
16
Q
Towards the head
A
Rostral (Cephalad)
17
Q
Towards the tail
A
Caudal
18
Q
When are Rostral and caudal mainly used
A
When looking at the nervous system
19
Q
On the same side
A
Ipsilateral
20
Q
On the opposite side
A
Contralateral
21
Q
On top
A
Superficial
22
Q
With in
A
Deep
23
Q
What motion occurs in the sagittal plane
A
Flexion/Extension
24
Q
Special motion of the foot
A
Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
25
What motion occurs in the coronal plane
Abduction/Adduction
26
Outward rotation
Lateral/External rotation
27
Inward rotation
Medial/Internal rotation
28
Circular movement
Circumduction
29
Roll onto back
Supination
30
Roll onto front
Pronation
31
Move foot inward
Inversion
32
Move foot outward
Eversion
33
Raise shoulders
Elevation
34
Lower shoulders
Depression
35
Move jaw anteriorly
Protrusion
36
Move jaw posteriorly
Retrusion
37
Thumb to finger tips
Opposition
38
Thumb away from finger tips
Reposition
39
What is the function of the integumentary system
Protection, containment, temperature regulation, sensation, endocrine
40
What are the components of the skin (2)
1. Epidermis
| 2. Dermis
41
What composes the dermis
Deep connective tissue, contains vasculature, nerves, and appendages
42
What is dense organized CT that wraps, packs, insulates deep structures, and organize regions into compartments
Fascia
43
What are fluid filled sacs located by bony protuberances and tendons used for lubrication to decrease friction called
Bursa
44
What is a thickened fascia made to hold down tendons
Retinacula
45
What makes up the axial skeleton
Cranium, Cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum
46
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdle
47
What makes bone hard
Mineralized calcium and phosphorus
48
What are the living bone cells
Osteocytes
49
What are the osteocytes
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
50
What are the general structures of bone (4)
1. Periosteum
2. Compact
3. Spongy
4. Marrow cavity
51
What are the bone shapes (5)
1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid
52
What are the components of long bones (3)
1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
3. Metaphysis
53
Does cartilage have vasculature
No
54
How does cartilage get nutrients
Diffusion from perichondrium
55
What does cartilage being avasculature mean
Cartilage has limited ability for repair
56
What are thee types of cartilage (3)
1. Hyaline
2. Elastic
3. Fibrous
57
Where is hyaline cartilage found
The end of long bones
58
Where is elastic cartilage found
Larynx and epiglottis
59
Where is fibrous cartilage found
Intervertebral discs, head of mandible, and menisci
60
What are the types of joints (3)
1. Synovial
2. Fibrous
3. Cartilaginous
61
What are the types of synovial joints (6)
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Condyloid
4. Saddle
5. Ball and socket
6. Pivot
62
What type of cartilage is in synovial joints
Hyaline
63
Do synovial joints receive lots of innervation
YOU KNOWS IT
64
What comprises a synovial joint (3)
1. Hyaline cartilage
2. Articular capsule
3. Synovial fluid
65
What is in the articular capsule
Fibrous layer and synovial membrane
66
What states that the nerves supplying the muscles
extending directly across and acting at a given joint also innervate
the joint
Hilton's Law
67
What are the types of fibrous joints (3)
1. Suture
2. Syndesmosis
3. Gomphosis
68
What are the types of cartilagenous joints (2)
1. Synchondrosis
| 2. Symphysis
69
What is a temporary joint where cartilage turns to bone
Synchondrosis
70
Where are symphysis joints
Pubis symphysis and intervertebral discs
71
What are the 3 types of muscle fiber classification
1. Skeletal
2. Cardiac
3. Smooth
72
What are the 3 types of connective tissue that hold skeletal muscle together
1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. Enodmysium
73
What covers muscle fibers
Endomysium
74
What covers the entire muscle
Epimysium
75
What covers a muscle fassicle
Perimysium
76
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor unit
77
These motor units are located in the back and thigh and have several hundred muscle fibers
Large motor unit
78
These motor units are located in the eye and hand and have few muscle fibers
Small motor unit
79
In order for a muscle to work it must what
Cross a joint
80
True or False:
| A muscle works at any joint it crosses
True
81
True or False:
| Muscles never act in both directions
False
82
Muscle that does the main portion of motion
Prime movers/Agonists
83
Muscle that opposes the motion of the agonist
Antagonist
84
Muscle that aides the prime mover
Synergist
85
Muscle that stabilizes one end of a muscle and contracts isometrically
Fixators
86
This is 2 pumps in series
The heart
87
True or False:
| You can heal without blood flow
False
88
What is the pressure on the left side of the heart
120-80, so 90ish
89
What is the pressure on the right side of the heart
12-15
90
No pressure eqausl
No flow
91
This system is responsible for the removal of cellular debris and infectious agents
Lymphoid system
92
True or False:
| Lymph vessels are open at the distal end
True
93
What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
94
What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system
Somatic and Autonomic NS
95
These leave always leave the CNS
Efferent fibers
96
These enter the posterior of the CNS
Afferent fibers
97
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the PNS
12 pairs
98
How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the PNS
31 pairs and the accessory nerve CN (XI)
99
What is the end of the spinal cord called
Conus medullaris
100
Where does the spinal cord start
Foramen magnum
101
What is the structure at about L1 vertebral level
Caudate equina
102
What does verbal level refer to
Same level as the bone
103
What does spinal level refer to
Same level on spinal cord
104
This system provides general sensory and motor innervation to all of the body
Somatic nervous system
105
What are the things you feel because of the somatic sensory system (4)
1. Touch
2. Pain
3. Temperature
4. Position
106
The somatic motor system controls what
All voluntary and reflexive movements
107
Do the rami belong to the spinal nerve or spinal cord
Spinal nerve
108
True or False:
| Rootlets and roots are unidirectional
True
109
True or False:
| Nerves and their parts are unidirectional
False
110
The sympathetic nervous system is also called what division?
Thoracocolumbar Division
111
The parasympathetic nervous system is also called what division?
Craniospinal Division
112
How many neurons does the sympathetic nervous system use?
2
| Presynaptic and postsynaptic
113
How many neurons does the parasympathetic nervous system use?
2
| Presynaptic and postsynaptic
114
Where is the presynaptic neuron located?
In the gray matter of the CNS
115
Where are the postsynaptic neurons located?
Outside of the CNS in autonomic ganglia with fibers extending to the organ
116
Short presynaptic and long postsynaptic are characteristics of...
Sympathetic
117
Long presynaptic and short post synaptic are characteristics of...
Parasympathetic
118
Where are ganglion located for parasympathetic?
Only in the brain
119
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system presynaptic neurons found?
Intermediolateral cell columns (nuclei of the spinal cord)
120
What parts of the spinal cord make up the IMLs gray matter?
Thoracic and upper lumbar (hence the name, thoracolumbar)
121
What is another name for paravertebral ganglia?
Sympathetic chain ganglia- goes from the base of the cranium to the level of the coccyx
122
What is the prevertebral gangia?
Plexuses that surround the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta (sit on top of vertebrae on the abdominal aorta)
-cell bodies that feed the viscera are very close to the blood supply
123
What are the 4 courses for synapsing?
1. Ascend the sym. truck to a higher paravertebral ganglion
2. Descend the sym. truck to go to a lower paravertebral ganglion
3. Enter and synapse immediately with postsyn. neuron of paravertebral neuron of that level
4. Pass through sym. truck w/o synapsing to reach the prevertebral ganglia
124
What are the cranial nerves and sacral nerves that work in the parasympathetic system
CN: III VII IX X
| Sacral Nerves: S2-S4
