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Human Anatomy & Physiology > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Structurally, what are the 3 types of jointst?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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2
Q

What is the only type of joint that has a joint cavity?

A

Synovial

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3
Q

Fibrous joint

A

Adjoining bones united by collagen fibers

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Adjoining bones united by cartilage

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5
Q

Synovial joint

A

Adjoining bones covered with articular cartilage, separated by a joint cavity, and enclosed within an articular capsule lined by a synovial membrane

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6
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints

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7
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints

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8
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely movable joints

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

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10
Q

Synostoses

A

A completely ossified joint; a fused joint

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11
Q

Sutures

A

An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures

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12
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Fibrous joint where bones are connected exclusively by ligaments. Amount of movement depends on length of conection fibers

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13
Q

Gomphosis

A

Peg-in-socket fibrous joint. Only example is articulation of a tooth in its alveolar socket

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14
Q

Synchondroses

A

Cartilaginous joints where a ball or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones. Virtually all are immovable.

Ex: Epiphyseal plate

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15
Q

Symphyses

A

Cartilaginous joints where fibrocartilage unites the bones.

Ex: intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

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16
Q

What are the 6 distinguishing features of synovial joints?

A
  1. Articular cartilage (covers opposing bone ends)
  2. Joint (articular) cavity
  3. Articular capsule (encloses joint cavity)
  4. Synovial fluid
  5. Reinforcing ligaments
  6. Nerves and blood vessels
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17
Q

Articular capsule

A

Double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint and stengthens the joint so that bones do not pull apart

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18
Q

Extracapsular ligaments

A

Ligaments found outside the articular capsule of synovial joint

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19
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

Ligaments found deep to the capsule of synovial joint

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20
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid. Occur where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

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21
Q

Tendon sheath

A

An elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction, like a bun around a hot dog

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22
Q

What are the 3 factors that impact the stability of synovial joints?

A
  1. Shapes of the articular surfaces
  2. Number and positioning of ligaments
  3. Muscle tone
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23
Q

Every skeletal muscle of the body is attached to bone or other connective tissue structures at no fewer than ___ points

A

Two

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24
Q

Nonaxial movement

A

Movement in which bones slide past each other in a single plane but not around an axis; e.g., the gliding movements at intercarpal joints.

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25
Uniaxial movement
Movement in one plane, around only one axis, e.g. the hinge joint of the elbow
26
Biaxial movement
Movement in two planes, around two separate axes, e.g. metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints allow the fingers to both bend/straighten and spread/squeeze together.
27
Multiaxial movement
Movement in or around all three planes of space and axes, e.g. shoulder joint
28
What are the 3 general types of movements?
1. Gliding 2. Angular 3. Rotation
29
Gliding
Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
30
Angular movements
Increase or decrease the angle between two bones
31
Flexion
Angular movement. Movement that decreases the angle of the joint, e.g., bending the knee from a straight to an angled position.
32
Extension
Angular movement that is the reverse of flexion. Increases the angle of the joint, e.g. straightening bent knee
33
Abduction
Movement of a limb away from the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane, e.g. raising the arm laterally
34
Adduction
Movement of a limb toward the midline or median plane of the body, along the frontal plane, e.g. putting down a laterally raised arm
35
Circumduction
Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
36
Rotation
The turning of a bone around its own long axis, e.g. turning the head
37
Supination
The outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly
38
Pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna—palms face posteriorly
39
Opposition
Movement of the thumb toward the tips of the other fingers on the same hand.
40
Dorsiflexion
Movement of the foot that brings its superior surface closer to the shin (tibia)
41
Plantar flexion
Pointing the toes
42
Inversion
Movement of the foot that turns the sole (plantar surface) medially (toward the midline of the body)
43
Eversion
Movement of the foot that turns the sole (plantar surface) laterally (away from the midline of the body)
44
Elevation
Movement of a body part superiorly; e.g., moving the lower jaw up toward the upper jaw to chew.
45
Depression
Movement of a body part inferiorly; e.g., moving the lower jaw down and away from the upper jaw to open the mouth.
46
Protraction
Nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane, such as moving the mandible forward to expose the lower teeth.
47
Retraction
Nonangular posterior movement in a transverse plane, such as returning the lower jaw to its normal position after first jutting it forward.
48
What are the 6 main categories of synovial joints?
1. Plane 2. Hinge 3. Pivot 4. Condylar 5. Saddle 6. Ball-and-socket
49
Plane joint
Nonaxial movement, gliding Ex: Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces
50
Hinge joint
Uniaxial movement, flexion and extension Ex: Elbow joint, interphalangeal joints
51
Pivot joint
Uniaxial movement, rotatation Ex: Proximal radioulnar joints, atlantoaxial joint
52
Condylar joint
Biaxial movement, flexion & extension, adduction & abduction Ex: Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints, wrist joints
53
Saddle joint
Biaxial movement, flexion & extension, adduction & abduction Ex: Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
54
Ball-and-socket joint
Multiaxial movement, flexion & extension, adduction & abduction, rotation Ex: Shoulder and hip joints
55
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
(jaw joint). A modified hinge joint that lies just anterior to the ear, where the condylar process of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
56
What are the two kinds of movement that occur at the TMJ?
1. Elevation and depression (opening/closing the mouth) 2. Gliding
57
What is the most freely moving joint in the body?
Shoulder (glenohumeral)
58
Coracohumeral ligament
Broad ligament of the shoulder joint that attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus; helps support the weight of the upper limb
59
Anular ligament
Ligament that encircles the head of the radius and binds it to the ulna
60
Which two bones form the hinge of the elbow?
Humerus and ulna
61
Ulnar collateral ligament
Strong capsular ligament on the medial aspect of the elbow joint that restricts side-to-side movements.
62
Radial collateral ligament
Strong capsular ligament on the lateral aspect of the elbow joint that restricts side-to-side movements.
63
What forms the hip joint?
Articulation of the head of the femur with the acetabulum of the hip bone
64
What are the strong ligaments that reinforce the capsule of the hip joint?
1. Iliofemoral ligament 2. Pubofemoral ligament 3. Ischiofemoral ligament
65
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
Knee joint
66
What are the three joints that make up the knee joint?
The Femoropatellar joint (intermediate joint between the patella and the lower end of the femur) and the lateral and medial joints (tibiofemoral joint)
67
Collateral ligaments
(fibular and tibial) Extracapsular ligaments that stabilize the knee joint, running from the femur to the fibula laterally and the femur to the tibia medially
68
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Intracapsular ligament that stabilizes the knee joint and runs diagonally from the anterior side of the tibia to the lateral condyle of the femur.
69
Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
Ligament on the inner side of the knee joint. It connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia)
70
Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
Crucial band of tissue on the outside of the knee that helps stabilize the joint and prevent it from bending outward
71
Menisci
Crescent-shaped, fibrocartilaginous structures in the knee joint that act as shock absorbers and stabilizers
72
Sprain
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
73
Dislocation
(luxation) Occurs when bones are forced out of their normal alignment at a joint.
74
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction
75
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
76
Athritis
Inflammation of the joints. Over 100 different types, affects 1 in 5 people in North America
77
Osteoarthritis
Chronic, degenerative arthritis associated with aging (wear-and-tear) that causes joint pain, stiffness, and reduced movement.
78
Rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the joints and other body tissues.
79
Gouty arthritis
Form of arthritis in which excess levels of uric acid lead to the formation of crystals that accumulate in a joint and trigger an immune response; characterized by severe pain, typically first experienced in the joint of the big toe; also called gout.
80
To what percent of its length can a ligament be stretched and not snap?
6%

Human Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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