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Module 202 > key shit to learn > Flashcards

key shit to learn Flashcards

1
Q

allodynia

hyperalgesia

A

allodynia- non noxious stimuli produce painful response

hyperalgesia- noxious stimuli create exaggerated pain response

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2
Q

algesia

A

senstitivity to pain

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3
Q

HPA axis

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

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4
Q

anencephaly

A

top of neural tube doesn’t close- fatal pre birth

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5
Q

eNa
eK
eCa
ecl

A

+60
-90
+123
-40

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6
Q

inactivation of monoamines

A

MAO

COMT

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7
Q

communication of fourth ventricle

A
  • foramen of luschka
  • foramen of magendie
    into cisterna magna
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8
Q

CaMKII

A

calcium calmodulin dependant protein kinase 2

  • insert AMPA
  • phosphorylates AMPA, increasing effectiveness

activates itself so Ca no longer required

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9
Q

chemorepellent

chemoattractant

A

slit - robo is receptor. axons that cross the midline then express more robo so they grow away

netrin

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10
Q

naloxone

A

blocks effects of opiates

- antagonist of opioid receptor

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11
Q

morphine

A

analgesic

Respiratory Depression/Airway Loss
Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation/Pruritis
Miosis

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12
Q

ketamine

A
  • anaesthetic and analgesic
  • NMDA Receptors
    Not GABA
    Analgesic local/general
    Anaesthetic
    Sedative
    SIDE EFFECTS emergence phenomena
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13
Q

ASPIRIN

A

NSAID
Act by inhibiting Cyclooxygenase 1and 2

Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti inflammatory

Side Effects  :
Gastric Irritation
Bronchospasm
Renal Impairment
Platelet function 
Oxidative phosphorylation 
Air Hunger 
Reyes Syndrome
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14
Q

paracetamol

A
  • unknown

- overdose hepatotoxicity

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15
Q

antiemetic

A

Propofol/ cannabinoids

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16
Q

diazepam

A

increase GABA receptor efficiency

Over Sedation
Loss of Airway
Respiratory Depression

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17
Q

bit at bottom of Sc

A

under L1

- cauda equina

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18
Q

ventral routes

dorsal routes

A

efferent
afferent

ventral has an e in it; dorsal doesn’t x

youre welcome

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19
Q

2 afferent dorsal column roots up the __ pathway

A

medial lemniscus pathway

first order neurons enter dorsal column through

  1. fasciculus gracilis
    - to terminate in nucleus gracilis in medulla
    - info from lower limb
  2. fasciculus cuneatus
    - to terminate in nucleus cuneatus in medulla
    - info from upper limb
20
Q

grey matter organisation

A

dorsal horn = sensory inputs
lateral horn = preganglionic sympathetic
ventral = motor neurons

21
Q

tracts basic

A

SENSORY

medial lemniscus

  • up dorsal column
  • fine touch proprioception
  • uncrossed

spinothalamic

  • up anterolateral column
  • pain, temp crude touch
  • crossed

spinocerebellar

  • up lateral column
  • unconscious muscle proprioception (smooth muscle coordination)
  • synapse in dorsal horn

MOTOR

corticospinal tract

  • voluntary movement
  • 80% cross (lateral corticospinal tract)
  • 20% same side (anterior corticospinal tract)

^^ all pass through pyramids

extrapyramidal tract:

reticulospinal tract

  • reticular formation (pons) > sc
  • regulates ventral horn reflexes/ motor activity
  • facilitates and inhibits LMN
  • posture and locomotion

rubrospinal tract
- flexor muscles in upper limbs

vestibulospinal tract

  • go from inner ear down
  • medial guide head and neck muscles to keep eyes stable as body moves
  • lateral goes down to flexors in legs to help with posture

tectospinal tract:

  • info from retina in visual cortex
  • goes down to neck and trunk muscles to keep vision steady
22
Q

Apraxia

A

Apraxia: Inability to carryout purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis

damage between interconnections between sensory and motor areas

ideational- cant show sequence of how to make a sandwich

ideomotor- unable to use a pair of scissors

23
Q

dystonia

A

where your hand bugs out while you are writing

repeated activation leads to unusual firing patterns
primarily sensory

Dystonia- sustained muscle contractions, usually producing
twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures or positions.
If only occurs with certain actions, said to be ‘task specific’.

24
Q

the branches in cerebellum

A

abor vitae

25
Q

dysmetria

dysnergia

dysdiadochokinesia

intentional tremor

dysarthria

A

Dysmetria: movement is not stopped in time (overshoot)
Dsynergia: decomposition of complex movements
Dysdiadochokinesia: reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
Intentional tremor: tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement
Dysarthria – articulation inco.ordination: incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc. Uneven speech strength and velocity.

26
Q

yellow spot on far right opthalmascope

A

fovea

27
Q

layers of processing retina cells involved

A 
vertical:
ganglions
bipolars
receptors 
(pigment cells)

horizontal:
amacrine cells
horizontal cells

28
Q

1 hypercolumn contains

A
  1. ocular dominance column
  2. orientation column
  3. colour blob
29
Q

half eye blindness name and types

A

hemianopia

homonymous
bitemporal

scotoma - patches missing

30
Q

dorsal and ventral stream

A

dorsal stream = location, motion, action
occipital > parietal

ventral stream = recognising people, objects, conscious perception
occipital > temporal

31
Q

visual agnosia

A

patient can act but not describe

opposite is visual ataxia

32
Q

eye reflexes

A

vestibulo-occular reflex
- turns head to follow moving object

optokinetic reflex
- stabilises moving imagine on retina

pupillary reflex

  • if one illuminated both should constrict
  • as nuclei receive signals from both eyes
  • damage to optic nerve- other eye is fine, illuminated one doesn’t constrict (as pns part is broken)
  • Damage to one oculomotor nerve will prevent pupil contraction in that eye, but stimulation of either eye will cause contraction in the pupil in the second eye.

check this

33
Q

middle ear bones

A

incus in the middle
, malleus, attached to ear drum
stapes - has a hole in it

ostosclerosis- stapes fuses to oval window
- fixed surgically

34
Q

ear hair cells

A

outer hair cells - efferent - type II spiral neurons - sensorimotor

out = exit

detect changes in basilar membrane of cochlear - high frequency

35
Q

central auditory system overview

A

Cochlear Nucleus (CN) – parallel processing starts here

Superior Olivary Complex (SOC) – uses inter-aural time differences and inter-aural intensity differences for localization

Inferior Colliculus (IC) – combines spatial analysis from SOC with information from dorsal CN, and directs auditory reflexes

Auditory Cortex (AC) – many functions including the analysis of complex sounds (eg speech) and sound localization

36
Q

hyposmia

A

hyposmia

age, upper resp infection, head trauma

37
Q

gustatory central

A

CN7/9/10

  • to nucleus of solitary tract
  • synapse in thalamus
  • to insula (primary gustatory cortex)
  • to prefrontal cortex (2ndry gustatory cortex)
38
Q

morphine dependance

A

Gi - inhibit neurons of Locus coerulus
Gs - stimulate neurons of locus coerulus

LC is noradrenaline - it is fear and arousal

acute = lots of Gi
withdrawl = lots of Gs
39
Q

alcohol dependance

A

NMDA antagonis
GABA agonist

chronic = downregulation GABA
= upregulation NMDA

so withdrawal is arousal

40
Q

limbic system consists of

A

8

  • hippocampus
  • fornix
  • insula
  • amygdala
  • mamillary bodies
  • hypothalamus
  • orbitofrontal cortex
  • cingulate gyrus
41
Q

2 parts of amygdala

A

basolateral - new

corticomedial - old

42
Q

Amitriptyline

A

tricyclic antidepressant

43
Q

analgesics

A

ibuprofen - NSAID

paracetamol

morphine - opiate receptor agonist - mu

44
Q

anti migraine drug

A

pizotifen

inhibit serotonin and histamine

45
Q

antiepileptics

A
  • carbamazepine
    > GABA agonist
  • sodium valproate
    > GABA, block Na channels
  • phenobarbitone (barbiturate)
    > GABA agonist, glutamate antagonist
  • phenytoin
    > block NA channels, decrease threshold

Module 202 (49 decks)

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