T3L3 pshycobiology of emotion

Question 1

what are emotions

Answer 1

transient events produced in response to external and internal events of significance to the individual, characterised by attention to the evoking stimulus and changes in physiological arousal, motor behaviour, feelings biasing a behaviour

Question 2

relevance of emotion to med

Answer 2

emotions can influence treatment outcomes:

fear&raquo_space; delay presentation
anger&raquo_space; bad conduct with dr
sadness&raquo_space; worse outcomes

Question 3

8 basic emotions

Answer 3

arranged as opposites

joy/sadness
anger/fear
trust/disgust
surprise/anticipation

Question 4

how we identify emotions

Answer 4

expressed facially in same way across all cultures

Question 5

emotion triad

Answer 5

physiological response

readiness to act in a specific way

feelings

Question 6

james-lange theory

Answer 6

s11

Question 7

`cannon-bard theory

Answer 7

s12

Question 8

Schachter and singer

Answer 8

showed cognition can have physiological effect:

those told they had been given adrenaline were least angry/happy as they knew the reason

Question 9

panic disorder

Answer 9

bodily sensations wrongly appraised as evidence of impending death

eg ayad on a brownie

these interpretations induce anxiety&raquo_space; exacerbate physiological effect*&raquo_space; further false interpretations

*Schachter and singer

Question 10

where does the brain generate emotions

Answer 10

the limbic system:

• cortical structures surrounding the thalamus
• formed of fornix, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala, hypothalamus, orbitofrontal cortex, insula and mamillary bodies
• reverberating circuit supporting emotion
• direct association with neuroendocrine autonomic system
• internal and external states of organism convergence
• affect and modification

see s21

Question 11

hippocampus

Answer 11

memory

• encoding and recall
• long term
• episodic and declarative
• not procedural/ implicit
• spatial processing and navigation (eg recalling routes around city)

Question 12

amygdala

Answer 12

• in medial temporal lobe

basolateral nucleus- evolutionarily old
corticomedial nucleus- evolutionarily new> project to hypothalamus

Receive sensory inputs s25

function:

• emotional processing
• recognition of emotions in others
• emotional learning
• fear conditioning s29
• first pathway for fear

THE LEVEL OF AMYGDALA ACTIVATION WHEN SEEING AN EMOTIONAL IMAGE DICTATES HOW WELL YOU WILL REMEMBER IT hence why we remember scary events well

when seeing fear on anthers face your amygdala activates and you feel fear yourself

Question 13

benzos and the amygdala

Answer 13

• eg diazepam
• treatment for anxiety
• high density binding sites in amygdala

Question 14

cingulate

Answer 14

see s34

• areas for pain/ contextual arousal
• areas for rest/relaxation/depression

Question 15

orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 15

• connected to amygdala
• impulsivity
• “acquired sociopathy”
• impaired smell, flavour, taste, reward, satiety

some bloke got his destroyed and he turned into a dickhead

early damage:
Severely impaired social behaviour
- Insensitive to future consequences of actions
- Impaired autonomic response to punishment
Normal basic cognitive function

Question 16

insula

Answer 16

• representation of internal bodily state and integration of bodily feedback into awareness
• involved in normal response to aversive stimuli (disgust)
• translating physiological responses into feelings

Question 17

positive emotions

Answer 17

ventral tegmental area&raquo_space; nucleus accumbens

dopamine abundant in:

• nucleus accumbens
• vta
• striatum
• prefrontal cortex

orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortex involved in reward

Question 18

anatomy

Answer 18

s51