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Module 202 > T2L5 cerebellum and motor learning > Flashcards

T2L5 cerebellum and motor learning Flashcards

1
Q

role of the cerebellum

A
  • maintenance of balance and posture
  • coordination of voluntary movements
  • motor learning
  • cognitive functions
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2
Q

organisation of motor neurons

A

s4

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3
Q

motor control of hierarchy

A

high level:

  • association areas of neocortex and basal ganglia
  • strategy

mid level:

  • motor cortex, cerebellum
  • tactics

low level:

  • brainstem, spinal chord
  • execution
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4
Q

basics of cerebellum function

A

compares intended movement to movement actually occurring
- voluntary movement

what is actually happening 
>>
cerebellum
>>
correction signal
>>
planning, initiation, execution
>>
what you intend to happen
>> 
cerebellum

s6

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5
Q

anatomy of cerebellum

A

s9, 11, 13, 15, 17

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6
Q

the 3 cerebellar peduncles:

A
  1. superior cerebellar peduncle
  2. middle cerebellar peduncle
  3. inferior cerebellar peduncle
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7
Q

functional subunits of cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum

spinocerebellum
- contains 2 maps of the body

cerebrocerebellum

see s13 and s15

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8
Q

4 nuclei of cerebellum

A

from centre out:

  1. fastigial nucleus
    > medial descending systems > motor execution
  2. interposed nucleus
    > lateral descending systems > motor execution
  3. dentate nucleus
    > areas 4 and 6 > motor planning
  4. vestibular nucleus (at bottom)
    > balance and eye movement

s18 to learn x

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9
Q

cerebellar efferents and afferents

A

these go both down and up

efferents:

  • reticulospinal tract and vestibulospinal tract
  • cerebellar efferent neurone (through thalamus to cerebrum

afferents:

  • spinocerebellar tracts
  • pontocerebellar tract (cerebellum to pontine nuclei)
  • corticopontine tract (pontine nuclei to cerebrum)
vestibulocerebellar tracts: 
- from vestibulocerebellum to vestibular nuclei
- then down vestibulospinal tract
- and up to extraoculi muscle nuclei 
s19 and s20 and s21
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10
Q

cerebellar peduncle pathways

A

not gona learn theses

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11
Q

peduncle

A

= stalk and see s22

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12
Q

effects of lesions in cerebrocerebellum pathway (4)

A
  1. dysmetria - movement not stopped in time- overshoot
  2. dysnergia - decomposition of complex movement
  3. dysdiadochokinesia - reduced ability to perform rapidly alering movements eg shaking finger
  4. dysarthria - incoordination in repiratory/pharyngeal muscles&raquo_space; uneven speech strength and velocity
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13
Q

vestibular-ocular pathway

A

compensated eye movements from head turn

s26

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14
Q

lesion in vestibulocerebellar pathway

A

nystagmus - repeated rhythmical oscillations of one or both eyes

this movement minimises ability to focus

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15
Q

lesion in spinocerebellar pathways

A

gait ataxia- uneven steps

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16
Q

cerebellar circuitry schematic

A 
inputs:
- mossy fibres from sc and brainstem
- climbing fibres from inf olivary nucleus
>>
cerebellum
>>
outputs:
- deep cerebellar nuclei to thalami, vestibular nuclei and red nucleus

see s33

17
Q

4 layers of cerebellar cortex

A
  1. molecular layer
    - parallel fires
  2. purkinje cell layer
  3. granule cell layer
    - granule cells
    - climbing fibres^, mossy fibres^, purkinje cell axonsv
    - Golgi cell
  4. white matter

s33,34

18
Q

feedback loop

A
  • motor cortex and red nucleus generate signals via corticopotinecerebellar tract
  • proprioceptive feedback from muscles and joints via the spinocerebellum and the vestibulocerebellum pathways.
  • actual response is compared with desired response via the cerebrocerebellum inputs from the supplementary motor cortex and the primary motor cortex to produce error signals.

Mossy fibres = desired signal
climbing fibres = error signal
the alter the purkinje cell output until they are equal

19
Q

feedforward loop

A

needed to fast movements as feedback system too slow

Movements that are too fast to be corrected by feedback are executed using predictions of their outcome based on experiences. Crucial for learning new motor skills e.g riding a bicycle

Mossy fibres = desired signal
climbing fibres = error signal
the alter the purkinje cell output until they are equal

s38

20
Q

Causes of cerebellar dysfunction

A
  1. inherited (rare)
    - frederichs ataxia - spinocerebellar degeneration
  2. acquired symmetrical ataxia
    - alcohol
    - drugs
    - degenerative (familial)
    - immune (paraneoplastic)

worse if the issue is in the white matter tracts - as the cortex has a degree of plasticity

21
Q

cerebellar vascular anatomy

A

basilar artery

SCA - superior cerebellar artery
AICA - anterior inferior cerebellar artery
PICA - posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Module 202 (49 decks)

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